C9-T4-R2

3. 题干：an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study. (C9-T4-R2 T14)

原文：In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1970) dabbed some red powered on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses.

同义替换：

Researchers --- Lewis and Brooks-Gunn

Use --- Dab/observe

Method --- experiment

4. 题干：the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity.

(C9-T4-R2 T15)

原文：However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

同义替换：

Imitation --- movements in the mirror

Identity --- awareness that they are distinct from other people

5. 题干：the age at which children can usually identity a static image of themselves.

(C9-T4-R2 T16)

原文：Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important development milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday.

同义替换：

The age --- their second birthday

Static image --- recognize themselves visually

4. 题干：a reason for the limitations of scientific research into “self-as-subject”.

(C9-T4-R2 T17)

原文：However, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication

同义替换：

Limitations --- difficulties

5. 题干：reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of                 behavior.

(C9-T4-R2 T18)

原文：Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of “self” and of “ownership” is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.

同义替换：

Culture --- societies

Behavior --- the sense of “self” and “ownership”

6. 题干：examples of the wide range of features that contribute to the sense of “self-as-object”

(C9-T4-R2 T19)

原文：This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).

同义替换：

Wide range of --- many

Features --- elements and characteristics

Contribute to --- influenced

7. 题干：A sense of identity can never be formed without relationship with other people.

(C9-T4-R2 T20)

原文：it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.

同义替换：

Never --- impossible

Conceive --- form

Relationship with other people --- social experience

8. 题干：A child’s awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people.

(C9-T4-R2 T21)

原文：a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her limbs.

同义替换：

Awareness of self --- a sense of the self-as-subject

Related to --- concerned with

Mastery --- control

Things and people --- physical objects

9. 题干：At a certain age, children’s sense of identity leads to aggressive behavior.

(C9-T4-R2 T22)

原文：the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the age of 1 and 2 years.

同义替换：

A certain age --- 1 and 2 years

Aggressive behavior --- frustration and anger in their disagreements

10. 题干：Observing their own reflection contributes to children’s self awareness

(C9-T4-R2 T23)

原文：However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

同义替换：

Their own reflection ---the movements they see in the mirror

Contribute to--- leads to

Self awareness---awareness that they are distinct from other people

11.题干：or causing the image to move when they face a mirror.

(C9-T4-R2 T24)

原文：However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

同义替换：

Move --- movements

Face a mirror --- see in the mirror

12.题干：This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of communication problems.

(C9-T4-R2 T25)

原文：However, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly

同义替换：

Difficulties --- problems

13.题干：In Western societies at least, the development of self awareness is often linked to a sense of ownership, and can lead to disputes.

(C9-T4-R2 T26)

原文：the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the age of 1 and 2 years./Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of “self” and of “ownership” is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.

同义替换：

Disputes --- Disagreements