1.题干:There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about
language.(C9-T3-R1 T1)
原文:Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective
and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have
a right to hold an opinion about it.
同义替换：
Arguments --- debate
Understandable reasons --- they have a right to hold an opinion about it.
2.题干: People feel more strongly about language education than about
small differences in language usage.(C9-T3-R1 T2)
原文: And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can
start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of
linguistic education.
同义替换：
Language education --- linguistic education
Small differences --- minor points
3.题干: Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way
he or she uses language.(C9-T3-R1 T3)
原文: Linguistic factors influence how we judge personality,
intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and
many other areas of identity and social survival.
同义替换：
Assessment --- judge
Affected --- influence
4.题干:Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th
Century.(C9-T3-R1 T4)
原文: All the main languages have been studied prescriptively,
especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and
Dictionaries.
同义替换：
Prescriptive --- prescriptively
5. 题干: Prescriptivism still exists today.(C9-T3-R1 T5)
原文: These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a
widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained.
同义替换：
Still exists --- still with us
6. 题干: According to descriptivists, it is pointless to try to stop
language change.(C9-T3-R1 T6)
原文: His approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task
of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe-to record the facts of
linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of
evaluating language variation or halting language change.
同义替换：
Stop language change --- halting language change
Pointless --- not
7. 题干: Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.(C9-T3-R1 T7)
原文: In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates
of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English
Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original
and only just standard of any language’.
同义替换：
Descriptivism --- advocates of this view
8. 题干: Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.(C9-T3-R1T8)
原文: In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and
‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting
unreal pictures of the other.
同义替换：
Misrepresented --- unreal pictures
9. 题干:According to __________, there is only one correct form of
language. (C9-T3-R1 T9)
原文: Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’.
同义替换：
Correct form --- correctly
10. 题干:Linguists who take this approach to language place great
importance on grammatical 10 __________.(C9-T3-R1 T10)
原文: The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar.
同义替换：
Place importance on --- reliance on
Grammatical --- grammar
11. 题干: Conversely, the view of 11 __________, such as Joseph Priestley,
is that grammar should be based on 12 _popular speech_.
(C9-T3-R1 T11)
原文: In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’.
同义替换：
Popular speech --- the custom of speaking
12. 题干: Conversely, the view of 11 __________, such as Joseph
Priestley, is that grammar should be based on 12 _popular N speech_.(C9-T3-R1 T12)
原文: In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’.
同义替换：
Based on --- insists
Popular speech --- the custom of speaking
13. 题干: What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?
(C9-T3-R1 T13)
A to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B to present a historical account of differing views of language
C to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D to show how a certain view of language has been discredited
原文: 全文
同义替换：
Differing views of language --- Attitudes to language
