定语的前置 vs后置的定语 - 周珊

作者：周珊 2020-01-22 17:40 来源：武汉编辑

--- 浅析定语前后置在填空题中的应用

关于定语在填空题中的重要性，我们可以看到C10T3P3的Question 27和28。A 3000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 ________ on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 _________, was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker. 很明显，这两个空前分别有形容词abandoned和significant对所需单词进行修饰限定。当确定好这两题的定位在文章段后，abandoned和原文的derelict替换，所以27题是plantation；significant和原文的important替换，所以28题是archaeological discovery。通过这两题的定语(形容词)限定，即便这两道题出题顺序与原文不一致，我们也能准确快速确定两道题的答案。因此，学会有意识地识别和把握定语与被修饰词之间的修饰限定关系，就至关重要了。

然而，题目和原文的定语结构并不会次次像上述题目中所呈现得那么相似和一致，一是因为定语结构所呈现的形式不仅仅是一个形容词这么单一，也有名词作定语，定语从句或者介宾短语结构；二是因为正是由于定语结构的多样性，题目和原文的定语既可以放置在被修饰名词之前也可以放在其后，导致我们在找定语填空时需同时兼顾被修饰名词的前后，而找名词填空时需紧抓定语结构的特点，辨识出被修饰的名词。前置的定语结构一般有两种，形容词(e.g. inadequate diet) 和名词(e.g. police station)；后置的定语结构一般有三种，定语从句(e.g. She is a girl who is beautiful.), 介宾短语(e.g. wards in hospital),过去分词作后置定语(e.g. paper made from silk)。

我们先从一个较简单的例子入手。例如，题目：She is a __________ girl. 原文：She is a girl who is beautiful. 这道题需要找定语填空，先定位到girl，然后看到who is beautiful这个定语结构修饰了girl，于是答案为定语中的beautiful。借此，我们可以看到C14T4P3的Question 34。

• plastic (not metal or wood)

• bits of debris that were 34 ___________ (harmful to animals)

利用题目中的定位词metal，wood，和animals定位到 ...... rather than other materials like metal or wood. Most of the dangers involved large pieces of debris - animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and severely injuring themselves. 题目中的that were 34 ___________为定语结构，修饰了bits of debris, 先找到pieces of debris (即题目中bits of debris的替换)，因为这道题需要找定语填空，所以在pieces of debris附近观察一下会发现pieces of debris之前即有定语（形容词）large，即为答案。很多同学在做这道题的时候，定位没有问题，但因为空是在pieces of debris之后，会一直往原文pieces of debris后找，很容易错填成entangled，而这个词是对animals的修饰而不是针对pieces of debris，不能成为答案。所以有意识地识别题目和原文中的定语前后置关系，可以避免所选单词出现方位上的失误。同学们可以按此思路去做C12T7P2的Question 22。

再来，C14T2P2的Question 26。题目：These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.利用定位词，很快能定位到原文的Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of diseases and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s.因为题目问的是London和Paris的epidemics，所以答案只会在the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s这部分里。题目中的 epidemics由of 26 ________来修饰，需先定位epidemics，但是在这小半句话里，很多同学不认识cholera outbreaks，无法辨认epidemics到底是和cholera还是和outbreaks替换。这时，定语前后置的结构就可以起到重要的作用了。of 26 ________ 整个是定语结构，而原文的cholera outbreaks，不论是形容词修饰名词还是名词修饰名词，定语结构(cholera)一定在前，被修饰的词(outbreaks)一定在后，所以答案为cholera。所以如果能有效识别题目和原文中的定语前后置关系，可以帮助同学们在单词不认识导致替换困难时，通过结构上的对应，找到正确答案。同学们可以按此思路去做C13T3P1的Question 1。

最后，C12T8P1的Question 2。题目：4000 BC： 3_________ made of stone were covered in a coating of man-made glass. 通过4000 BC，stone，coating，定位到原文的Archaeologists have even found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. 这道题很多同学会误填glazes，确实glazes符合该空格的词性，单复数以及字数要求，但是因为忽略了定语结构导致出错。题目中的made of stone是用来修饰这个空，换句话说，我们在原文要找到被made of stone修饰的名词，glazes并未体现出修饰与被修饰的关系。在原文，stone beads中的beads是被stone修饰，所以这道题答案应为beads。所以抓住定语前后置关系，把握空格和其附近单词的定语结构关系，才能找到正确答案。同学们可以按此思路去做C11T3P1的Question 6。