作者：武汉新航道留预读写组 侯丽娟

“开篇一练”又来啦！下面这句话用英语怎样表达呢？

有如此多的作业要做，爸妈取消了我的夏令营。我太难了！

答案将在下文揭晓。

引言

介词又称前置词，表示句子中词与词之间或者成分之间的关系，所以是组成句子和文章的重要纽带之一。在英语中，介词虽不能在句子中独立担任任何成分，但却是英语十大词类中最为活跃的一个。介词具有语义多且较为抽象的特点，所以在英语句子中使用频率非常高。很多学生认为介词是英语中的一个小词，对其用法也没有加以重视，所以实际写作中出现了很多语用错误，本该介词短语就可以完成的表达，却只能通过啰嗦的句法或者重复来实现。下面我们来具体学习一下with复合宾语结构。

with复合结构的基本形式

翻开词典你会发现介词with有十几种语义项，在此我们就不一一赘述了，我们直接切入主题，看一下with的复合结构吧：

1）with + 名词（代词）+ 名词

The brave soldier fought the enemy with a stick the only weapon.

2）with + 名词 （代词）+ 形容词

Mary raised her head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.

3）with + 名词（代词）+ 副词

Things can be much cheaper during the sales, but this is when Harrods is at its busiest, with people everywhere. (Skillful Level 3)

4）with + 名词 （代词）+ 介词短语

With the world’s population now at seven billion people, our astronaut gardeners may help discover ways to feed those billions. (Skillful Level 2)

5）with + 名词（代词）+ 现在分词，表主动、进行

The formal passage from childhood into adulthood is universal, with all cultures having traditions, rites, and ceremonies that recognize this familiar transition. (Skillful Level 2)

6）with + 名词（代词）+ 过去分词，表被动、完成

She sat in her room for a few seconds with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.

7) with + 名词（代词）+ to do/be ， 表将要发生

Only after the end of the century did the tallest building appear outside North America, with the opening of the first building to be more than half a kilometer tall. (Skillful Level 3)

with复合结构的语法功能

此类结构经常出现在描述性的文体中，主要有定语和状语两种作用。

1）作定语

定语，顾名思义，就是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。所以，从某种意义上讲，with复合结构可以用来替代定语从句。

A teacher who held a teaching pointer came into the classroom.

A teacher with a teaching pointer in his hand came into the classroom.

老师手持教鞭走进了教师。（with + 名词+介词短语，作定语，修饰名词teacher）

He came across a girl whose hair was dyed gray.

He came across a girl with her hair dyed gray.

他碰见一个头发染成灰白的女孩。（with + 名词 + 过去分词，作定语，修饰名词girl）

The room where the lights are on is our classroom.

The room with lights on is our classroom.

开着灯的那个教室是我们的。(with + 名词 + 副词，作定语，修饰名词room)

2）作状语

with复合结构作状语，主要说明、补充谓语动词发生的时间、方式、原因、条件或伴随情况，相当于一个状语从句。所以，在输出英文句子时，可以用with复合结构来替换部分状语从句，达到表达简洁的功效。

Since the global economic crisis has resulted in fewer job opportunities and more competition for existing job, it’s clear a college education is becoming more a necessity than a luxury.

With the global economic crisis resulting in fewer job opportunities and more competition for existing jobs, it’s clear a college education is becoming more a necessity than a luxury. (Skillful Level 4)

由于全球经济危机导致了更少的就业机会，进而导致对现有工作的更多竞争，大学教育与其说是品，显然正在变成一种必需品。（with + 名词 + 现在分词，用作原因状语）

结语

with复合结构中，名词、形容词、副词和介词短语多用来描述静态情况，不定式和分词则用来描述动态情况。如果想变成否定表达，可直接将with替换成without，其形式和功能没有任何变化。为了灵活掌握介词，我们要进行大量的阅读，多接触、多积累，写作时才可以熟练地写出简练、达意、生动的表达。

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