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这几种同义替换的套路你会吗?-蔡圣莉

来源:新航道 原创作者:蔡圣莉 浏览:0 发布日期:2021-04-23 11:49

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这几种同义替换的套路你会吗?


        在阅读文章之前,先来考考大家,英文中如果想表达“贫穷”,会想到什么词?poor ? 非常好,needy ?还有呢?通常来说,形容词 还有 impoverished;名词 poverty,impoverishment, deprivation (贫穷;剥夺);如果不限词数呢? people who are poor, a lack/ shortage of money 。  


        由此可见,在英文中,去呈现某一意思时,可以有多种方式,因此表达出的词汇和句式也相当丰富。那同样也要求我们,在看到、听到如开头出现的这些表达时,首先能够识别出,其次能够将它们正确归类。我们以六级听力中的一道题为例:


选项:


A) It imposed penalties on businesses that waste food.


B) It passed a law aiming to stop overproduction .


C) It voted  against food import from outside Europe.


D)  It prohibited the promotion  of bulk food sales.   (CET-6   17-12-1)


问题:What did the European Parliament do to reduce food waste?


原文:Just earlier this year, the European parliament voted in favor of legislation that would stop grocery giants from unfair trading practices that result in overproduction, thus creating waste.


        这句原文如此的复杂,同学们是不是好不容易听到了voted 这个词,毫不犹豫就划下C。


        但我们仔细分析原文 voted, in favor of, legislation,  stop… from , result in overproduction , 其中 pass 对应 in favor of (支持,赞成), law 对应 legislation(法律,立法),这两处都属于近义词或近义的表达。所以此题还是同义替换的套路,且它是同义替换中最简单的,即近义词(组)的替换。


        今天,我们来细数一下听力中同义的替换的归类方式。根据 skillful listening and speaking,以下三种最为常见:


一、近义词(组);


        这也是在将听力中题目和原文进行匹配时,最常见的一种情况:


举个例子


Sample 1


I think another reason is emotional. In this rapidly globalized world many people don’t want to lose their cozy, traditional family and community bonds. (Level 2  Unit 3)


        这是听力中原文表达 住在 multi-generational 家庭的第三点原因时的原文,书上的多选题目中用了 family and community ties。这里 bond 和 tie 为近义词。除此之外,如果选项中出现近义词connection ,或者同类的表达 emotional(情感上的),也属于正确选项。


我们提高难度,再换个填空题来看看;


Sample 2


Exposition =______ & settings introduced ;  (Level 3  Unit 8)


分析:(1)这题 _____ 和 setting 是并列的名词;


            (2) introduced 同时搭配 _____ 和 settings 两个词; 


            (3)我们需要听到 “ ______ introduced 且 settings introduced ”


原文:


In the introduction, the speaker or writer needs to establish the characters and the relationships between them. In addition, the speaker has to establish the setting – where the story takes place.


        在前文我们已经知道了 exposition 就是 introduction 部分;我们在听的时候并没有听到 introduce 原词,相反先听到了 in addition 这个表示 题中“&” 的逻辑信号词, 之后听到 establish the setting,所以能判断出, 原文中的 establish 被替换成题中的 introduced,且为过去分词后置,那前面我们就需要回忆和 establish 搭配的名词。我们再往前找,会发现 establish the characters,所以答案为 characters 。 


二、词性的变化;


即原文和选项中的词性有所变化,常见的 名词、动词、形容词词性间的相互变化:


Sample 3


题目要求选择哪种办公空间中 workers more inspired ,workers more productive 。 (Level 3  Unit 3)


原文:


In the United States, a lot of of offices are closed. Workers have their own space. Most employers and employees seem to like the effect on productivity. It’s supposed to be easier to get inspiration since it’s quieter. 


不难看出其中 productivity 和 inspiration  分别为题目两个单词的名词词性;


三、同义转述:


这种是将某部分词或词组表达换个方式说出来;


还是来看看例子:


Sample 4


题目为改错题:


Birth order has little influence on people’s personality.


原文:


Birth order means your place or your position in the family compared to your brothers and sisters – if you are the oldest child, the youngest child, or somewhere in the middle. Or perhaps you are an only child, with no brothers or sisters.


… research shows that our position in our family often has a big influence on our personality.   (Level 2  Unit 1)


原文一开始给出 birth order 的含义中,解释为 position in the family(在家庭中的位置) , 所以当我们分析原文的最后一句,主语为 our position in our family,即为 birth order 的同义转述, 继续对照后面的内容,big 和 little 相反,personality 能对应上。所以此题中,应将little改为big。


我们继续看书上另外两处:


Sample 5


The second principle is that the building fits in well naturally with where it is located (Level 4  Unit 7)


这里where is located 对应课本题目中的 surroundings ,属于同义转述。


Sample 6


In fact, about 90% of earthquakes happen in areas where the earth’s tectonic plates move against each other. Tectonic plates are huge, floating sheets of rock which may be thousands of kilometers across, though some are much smaller. The seven or eight major plates interact in different ways. They may slide by each other, push against each other, or slide over the top of each other. The areas where these plates come together are known as margins.  (Level 3  Unit 6)


        这是书上配对题(听margin的定义)对应的原文段落;最后一句中指出 these plates comes together 的地方叫做 margin 。但题目中给出的是 where tectonic plates come together, 多了一个 tectonic 。我们顺着原文往前,不难发现前面先给出了 tectonic plates 的含义,后文中才换成了 these plates。


最后,大家一起来找找文章开头这套六级听力中的一些同义替换的瞬间:


Sample 7


选项:It has banned supermarkets from dumping edible foods.


原文:In France, the government has banned supermarkets from throwing away edible foods and imposed harsh penalties on businesses that fail to comply with the regulations.


其中 dumping 对应 throwing away ;


Sample 8


选项:They facilitate the donation of unsold foods to the needy.


原文:New laws have been put into place that will make it easier for farms and supermarkets to donate unsold foods to those who are in need.


其中 donate 对应选项 donation; in need 对应选项 needy ; make it easier 对应选项 facilitate ;


Sample 9


选项:It boosted the circulation of popular books .


原文:The immediate effect of printing was to increase the circulation of works that were already popular in a handwritten form.


其中 increase 对应选项 boost;


Sample 10


选项:It promoted the growth of national languages .


原文:The great culture impact of printing was that it facilitated the growth of national languages.


其中 facilitated 对应选项 promoted;


        以上几处,同学们都能准确快速识别出吗?


      通过以上众多例子,不难看出,同义替换的本质还是词汇的积累,也就是说在词汇的积累上进行归类。除了被动的通过看到、听到去积累外,我们日常也当然可以主动去查阅和分类,如大家很多词汇书页abandon,我们都知道这是一个动词“离弃,放弃”,那么主动的步,翻开自己的查单词软件,我们能在页面中看到它的不同词性 abandonment (名词),abandoned (形容词),此时我们就积累了它的两个同义替换;第二步,在软件中输入“放弃/离弃/抛弃”等中文近义词,等待词典给我们的答案,我们又得到了 give up, forsake,waive ,desert,be cast aside,等近义表达; 第三步, 再次查阅其中不熟悉的单词 , 如 desert 作“抛弃、离弃” ,可以用 desert family/ friend/ land。 下次再碰到这些词,大家是否就能够了然于心了呢。


        不积跬步,无以至千里。总的来说,同义替换贯穿整个英文学习,且各类考试中,不论是雅思托福,还是CET、中高考,这项能力的掌握都很重要。希望大家都能做个有心人。


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