Passage 1

Topic

Japan建筑的change

Content Review

篇讲的日本建筑风格的改变，

段概述，大概就是讲日本建筑风格改变和政体及农业改变是相关的。

第二段，介绍日本的旧建筑风格是使用很多容易腐蚀的材料，日本人喜欢拆了盖，盖了拆，move and replace,但是也算不上浪费，因为房子需要修葺，坏了的组件拿去扔掉，烧掉， 好的组件继续用。

第三段，就是说日本政治结合比较多，所以一大家子人住在palace里，这里有题，是缩写题。

第四段，随着日本发展，他们需要稳定居所，然后发现china什么的有个首都， 有房子可以随便住，这个好，他们也要这么干.

后来继承中国的方式，就有了主要宫殿和平常休闲的summer palace。

Passage 2

Topic

太阳系的起源

Content Review

大部分科学家认为太阳系是由large nebulous形成的，nebulous大部分是由氢氦组成，还有一些较重元素。可能由于5亿年钱的supernova产生shock wave，nebulius形成了温度极高的pre-sun，之后其他星球渐渐形成。inner planets讨论了一段(不记得具体的了)outer planets由于离太阳比较远，温度比较低，有较多ice

Passage 3

Topic

geological process

Content Review

由于geological process形成的岛屿例如volcanic island上的物种是由于风、鸟等传播带来的，跟板块形成的岛屿上的物种多样性不一样。由于4 facts导致的。前三个在一段讲的，重点讲了第四个，是因为wind影响了rain从而导致不同。最后一段说了两个特点，考了一个鸟等动物数量说是因为没有predator，还有哺乳动物考了一个细节题。

Words

account for = explain

cite = mention

detect = observe

extensive = large

feasible = practical

foster = encourage

frigid = cold

in essence = basically

remnant = remainder

remote = isolated

scale = size

Section 1

Topic

环保型材料

Content

学生和教授讨论把教具更换环保的材料，请求art department多用环保型材料，教师要他做预算并且提交proposal

Section 2

Topic

pottery

Content

用不同的方法监测pottery的好处，能够从pottery上看出时代和文化交融什么的。

Section 3

Topic

鸟的进化

Content

达尔文鸟的进化，然后还有个G的试验持续时间很长，并观察到了鸟的beak的变化，证明进化存在。

Section 4

Topic

打印传单

Content

学生去打印传单，为了给幼儿园宣传，募捐买沙盒，然后学生本人是去幼儿园实习的。彩色打印机不能用了，要等一两天，但是幼儿园没有钱，所以要募捐捐款，但是如果是黑白的就马上能用。同学去找男教授印传单，男教授很感兴趣，所以也要一份，价格50刀。

Section 5

Topic

分辨法国画家伦勃朗和学生的作品

Content

讲法国画家伦勃朗会带学生，所以很难分辨他和学生的作品，但是研究发现伦勃朗有独特的画画方式，就是把画分为几块，而塞尚则是会一大块一起画。有人提出了X-ray and auto radiation(可以看到阴影)，只能看到层的颜色，其他都看不出，现在用另一种a什么的方法研究画作，就能知道每种颜色留在画布上的时间，然后帮助科学家成功发现了他的绘画技巧。

Section 6

Topic

oil 的制作方法

Content

    这一篇说oil 的制作方法，热化学分解比起他的要好，所以介绍了热化学分解的一些具体步骤和优势，最后又说用这个代替石油，因为这种方法还需要很长的时间。

Task 1

Topic

What should parents do to help their children to succeed in school?

Task 2

Topic

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: all students should attend social activities such as join a club or a sports team in school.

Task 3

Reading

The university proposes a car rental program on campus, which can offer students a discounted price.

Listening

The woman likes the policy very much. First, the campus is far from the downtown area. Although there is bus route, it usually takes more than 2 hours. And if the students want to go to many stores, it's very inconvenient. So discounted renting price will be very useful. Second, she had done math before, it is not reasonable for students like her to own a car. Because besides the car's price, she will need to pay for fuels and campus permits.

Task 4

Definition

Buffering

Examples

Buffering refer to the strategy some weaker animals would use to approach food resource in front of the stronger members of the group. They would use infants to buffer. The lecturer shares an example of monkeys in Japan. The stronger males usually have the best food and will be angry if the weaker males get close. So the weaker males borrow the baby monkeys from their mother. Interestingly, the stronger males are not angry when the babies and the weaker monkeys get close and even share food with them.

Task 5

Problem

Ann has promised her sister to babysit her kids tonight, however, she suddenly remember that she got a history paper due for tomorrow's class.

Solutions

There are two possible solutions: first, she has talked with her sister about the problem and her sister said she can cancel the babysitting schedule, they can go to the concert another day. However, the tickets cannot be switched or refunded. Second, she can bring books and computer to her sister's house and do the paper there, but the environment will definitely be distracting.

Task 6

Topic

Tall buildings

Content

The design of tall buildings has changed over time according to the different materials that people can approach in different periods. In the past, to design tall buildings, people need to build thick walls to support the enormous weight upside. The speaker talks about the stone tower for example. Because of the thick stone wall at the base, the tower doesn't have enough space inside. Nowadays, people can use steel to build thin walls， which can also support heavy weight. The example mentioned is the office building with thin steel walls.

Task 1

Topic

在San Francisco 和 Los Angeles 之间修建高铁high-speed rail lines

Reading

1. 减少交通维护费用。因为西部公路维修费用昂贵，建立轨道交通后会减少破坏。

2. 缓解交通拥堵。建设之后人们会选择轨道交通出行。

3. 有利于环境。 One of the most environmentally friendly form of transportation。

Listening

不同意

1. 新建费用更高，政府需要借钱去修建borrow 100 million 相当于政府年收入的75% 偿还很艰难。

2. 人们选择什么交通方式取决于其方便程度。东海岸公交系统发达去车站很方便，但西海岸公交不方便，火车站都在urban，人们去车站不方便，人们其实也不会选择轨道交通依然会开车。

3. High-speed train 无法覆盖所有地区，有的地方无法实现high speed所以跟regular train一样，并不能节能fuel efficiency。

Task 2

Version

重复2008.5.09NA

Topic

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. Internet is as important as other service such as building roads that government should make Internet access to all the citizens at no cost.