V20150509

Passage 1
Topic	Indoor Air Pollution
Type of Questions	4简答题 5流程图 4判断题
Content Review
P1. 怎样改善发展中国家的室内污染问题以及提出的措施
Questions & Answers
Q 1-4 short Answer Questions: 1. What condition of the young baby result of mother breath in smoke in cooking fire? (low birth weight) 2. what type of free fuel does low-income household use?(biomass fuel) 3. what makes electricity and gas are unavailable in developing countries?(high distribution cost) 4. what device, for the solution of IAP, failed because it didn’t meet the local people’s needs?(special stoves) Q 5-9 flow chart 5. conducting consultation and request proposal 6. set up pilot program in developing countries 7. a review of system in india and G 8. 10 million bouseholds 9. organization reach internationla level Q 10-13 T/FNG 10. less reasearch have been done to the effect of health than indoor air pollution.(T文章提到的是focus on the indoor air pollution) 11. breathing space program is successful in community which has a high indoor air pollution (T对应文章the reduction of IAP vary remarkably,后面提高穷人社区污染高的问题) 12. pilot program works effectively when include the provision of the health educations(NG,文章提到了financial mechanism,product quality等，未提及health education) 13. the target of G is to make the interventionprogram in all-risk household.(F,文章提到intervention program，没有说all)

Passage 2
Topic	Save endangered language
Type of Questions	4选词填空 4判断题 5单选题
Content Review
P2 Save Endangered Language “Obviouslywe must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go downin history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearanceof 90percent of the very field to which it is dedicated. “-Michael Krauss, “TheWorld’s Languages in Crisis ”. A Tenyears ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguisticswith his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the worldwould cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists and communityleaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local languages,he warned, nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind would probablybe doomed to extinction. Krauss’s prediction was little more than an educatedguess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms.Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the samejournal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had sincepassed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups.The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken orremembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992. B Manyexperts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. Tostart, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguisticshave to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored.Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of grammar andvocabulary—if any— are truly universal and probably therefore hardwired intothe human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patternsby comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages. Ineach of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages you study, the morelikely you are to get the right answers. C Despitethe near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would think thatthere would be some organized response to this dire situation,” some attempt todetermine which language can be saved and which should be documented beforethey disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the University ofMichigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn’t any such effort organized in the profession.It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangeredlanguages.” Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University, “whenI asked linguists who was raising money to deal with these problems, I mostlygot blank stares.” So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the EndangeredLanguages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only$80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed byNicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995. D Butthere are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. The VolkswagenFoundation, a German charity, just issued its second round of grants totalingmore than $2 million. It has created a multimedia archive at the Max PlanckInstitute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can house recordings,grammars, dictionaries and other data on endangered languages. To fill thearchive, the foundation has dispatched field linguists to document Aweti (100or so speakers in Brazil), Ega (about 300 speakers in Ivory Coast), Waima’a (afew hundred speakers in East Timor), and a dozen or so other languages unlikelyto survive the century. The Ford Foundation has also edged into the arena. Itscontributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice program created in1992 by Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and Native Americans worried about theimminent demise of about 50 indigenous languages in California. Fluent speakersreceive $3,000 to teach a younger relative (who is also paid) their nativetongue through 360 hours of shared activities, spread over six months. So farabout 5 teams have completed the program, Hinton says, transmitting at leastsome knowledge of 25 languages. “It’s too early to call this languagerevitalization,” Hinton admits. “In California the death rate of elderlyspeakers will always be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers.But at least we prolong the survival of the language.” That will give linguistsmore time to record these tongues before they vanish. E Butthe master-apprentice approach hasn’t caught on outside the U.S., and Hinton’seffort is a drop in the sea. At least 440 languages have been reduced to a merehandful of elders, according to the Ethnologue, a catalogue of languagesproduced by the Dallas-based group SIL International that comes closest toglobal coverage. For the vast majority of these languages, there is little orno record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily life.Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it vanishesfrom active use is a fossil skeleton, a scattering of features that the scientistwas lucky and astute enough to capture. Linguists may be able to sketch anoutline of the forgotten language and fix its place on the evolutionary tree,but little more. “How did people start conversations and talk to babies? Howdid husbands and wives converse?” Hinton asks. “Those are the first things youwant to learn when you want to revitalize the language.” F Butthere is as yet no discipline of “conservation linguistics,” as there is for biology.Almost every strategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but failed inothers, and there seems to be no way to predict with certainty what will workwhere. Twenty years ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up “language nests,”in which preschoolers were immersed in the native language. AdditionalMaori-only classes were added as the children progressed through elementary andsecondary school. A similar approach was tried in Hawaii, with some success—the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so, reports Joseph E.Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students can now getinstruction in Hawaiian all the way through university. G Onefactor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakersbegin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty. Oncethey start regarding their own language as inferior to the majority language,people stop using it for all situations. Kids pick up on the attitude andprefer the dominant language. In many cases, people don’t notice until theysuddenly realize that their kids never speak the language, even at home. Thisis how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is still only rarely usedfor daily home life in Ireland, 80 years after the republic was founded withIrish as its first official language. H Linguistsagree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction ismultilingualism. Even uneducated people can learn several languages, as long asthey start as children. Indeed, most people in the world speak more than onetongue, and in places such as Cameroon (279 languages), Papua New Guinea (823)and India (387) it is common to speak three or four distinct languages and adialect or two as well. Most Americans and Canadians, to the west of Quebec,have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another language in front of them iscommitting an immoral act. You get the same reaction in Australia and Russia.It is no coincidence that these are the areas where languages are disappearingthe fastest. The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade theworld’s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their ownvoices.
Questions & Answers
Q14-17 sentence completion Q14 minority of people的语言要消失 Q15 语言对国家的什么signifcant文章里说的是 the heart of culture Q16 —个学者发现一种语言的什么 simirality Q17 difference
Q18-21 T/F/NG Q18 Y Q19 NG Q20 N Q21 Y Q22-26 Multiple Choice Q22 这个学者提到法语phd是为什么为了说明现有研究不充分 Q23 作者写第七段的目的是为了说明保护消失的语言是有可能的,第七段主要说了原来有一种语言基本没人说, 但是过了几百年现在有很多人说了 Q24 项目的发起者承认了什么他们不能防止一些语言的消失 Q25 这个学者更喜欢什么样的人选择包含 advantage and disadvantage 的选项 Q26 选D解决问题的关键在于少数语言地区的人讲自己的语言

Passage 3
Topic	埃及水下考古
Type of Questions	4句子填空 4判断题 5摘要
Content Review
P3埃及一个古建筑在海底被发现了，考古学家拯救海底建筑。
Questions & Answers
Q27-30 matching 27. 潜水员被oxygen限制 28. 水下交流用mask 29. 发现水下文物可作为proof 30. 因为在水下，文物可以更好地protect
Q31-34 T/F/NG Q31 一个学者刚发现的magnetmeter不好用（T） Q32 这个学者主要从埃及考古学会获得经济资助，原文里是说他从这个学会过得帮助，但是他的资金largely来自 —家私人公司（F） Q33 潜水员在有限的时间里下水,文章里说他们一天下水两次，一次1到2小时8. (T) Q34 Q35-40 Short Answer Questions Q35用什么清理sand和mud要填单词有 a steel pick Q36水下用的是什么样的装备 waterproof Q37小的东西用什么打捞net bag Q35大的东西用什么打捞air-filled ballon Q39捞出来的东西要把什么去掉salt Q40