Passage 1

Topic

古代环境的重构

Content Review

一些先进的科技可以帮助我们推测古代的气候和地址。

然后讲述了三种测定方法：碳测定法（碳是稳定的元素，易长时间保存，通过对碳的测定可以得到考古学证据），floral测定法（通过对动物牙齿中残留的食物成分分析当时环境下存在的植物），human body法。

Passage 2

Topic

威尼斯的水问题

Content Review

威尼斯虽然是建在水上的城市，但是水资源问题严重。政府餐区措施，限制人们向canal排放燃料，初期污染问题得到控制，而随后人们又使用血和某种蓝色染料造成水的污染。之前威尼斯的淡水主要来自于wells（水井），而随着人口的增加，开始使用cisterns（一种集雨装置）。这种装置的网络很复杂，举了一些例子，有钱人自己拥有cistern，穷人们需要共用，还有人需要租用。即使这样问题还没得到解决，政府派船对去附近的水源取水灌入cisterns或者贩卖。政府提出了一些其他解决方案，但都因为可行性而夭折。

Passage 3

Topic

Vocalization of frogs

Content Review

科学家发现雄性的南美洲泡蟾（tungara frogs）能发出两种叫声，一种是单纯的whine，另一种是whin-chuck。为探究雄性泡蟾在什么情况下发出种叫声，什么情况下发出第二种叫声，以及叫声的作用，科学家们进行了一系列的实验。

Words

reconstruction=重建

excavation=挖掘

floral=植物的

fauna=动物的

radioactive=放射性的

Canal=水道，管道

Well=水井

Vocalization=发生

Section 1

Topic

询问paper资料

Content

 Boom and bust和关于城市衰落与sliver的影响。

Section 2

Topic

Art History

Content

 艺术家和建造学，讲一个新型节能建筑从结构和新材料上节能。

Section 3

Topic

海洋生物学

Content

讲fishing aggregation鱼群聚集现象，学生先提出2个可能：protect against predator/food resource，老师讲到tuna金枪鱼，提出meeting-point theory说在漂浮物下的population size larger than平时水里的size，然后两个Spanish challenge this说只有病的金枪鱼在成年后还躲在漂浮物之下，其他的鱼早就不躲了。教授举例coloration过程。最后将fishing aggregation device，捕鱼人利用这个特质抓金枪鱼，但不捕捞未成年的，不在coastal放。

Section 4

Topic

Career 咨询

Content

学生拿着行李，想找工作。

Section 5

Topic

Computer science

Content

教授主要对比new和old computerizing，旧的设计比较快，内存比较大的新设计主要根据客户需求，满足客服体验。

Section 6

Topic

考古学 Roman

Content

    讲欧洲中世纪人口骤减的原因。之前是罗马帝国统治世界，从庞贝遗迹之类能看出那时候，人口很多。但中世纪人口为什么会下降？个原因是建造房子的材料。罗马帝国的材料是水泥之类坚固的材料。中世纪是organic material容易decay。所以没有什么证据被找到，举例bradley hill和yevering这两个地方如果不是文字记载yevering那里曾经是某个国王的属地，也不知道住过上千人。后面讲到demographic distribution map有些地方是空白的。

Task 1

Topic

Some universities not allow student use television in the dorm. what's the advantage and disadvantage of this policy.  

Task 2

Topic

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that newspapers is a better way to get information than television?  

Task 3

Reading

The school plans to hire a professional director instead of a student director to instruct the spring musical so that students can learn a lot from him during rehearsals, and the director can attract more audience.

Listening

The woman disagrees with this plan.

First, the director is very busy. He can only come to the school once a week since has other things to take care of. Students will have less rehearsal time and won’t learn much if they only get to see him once a week.

Second, the director is only famous in the world of theater, and ordinary audience won’t know him, so him directing the musical won’t really attract more people to come to see the show.

Task 4

Definition

Experience products

Examples

In the example, a friend of the professor’s started a company selling educational DVDs for children which contained games teaching children language skills. At first nobody bought them. Then the friend sent a free sample to an elementary school teacher. The teacher used the DVD in class and the kids thought it was fun and that they’d learned a lot. Then children started to buy the product and the DVDs became very popular.

Task 5

Problem

Sam is moving off campus, so he won’t have easy access to the computer lab to work on his papers. But he has a lot of paper to do next semester. He doesn’t have a laptop so now he is thinking about what to do.

Solutions

1. He can try to save money by working more hours at the library. But he has a lot of classes now.

2. He can buy a laptop using the money for the winter trip to NYC.

Task 6

Topic

How polar bears keep warm in the cold environment

Content

The first is to absorb more heat and light from the sun. Its fur is white, but the underneath is black, and it can absorb more sunlight. The second is to have waterproof oily skin, so that when it swims, it doesn’t lose heat.

Task 1

Topic

Ceramic disks of Ancient Greece

Reading

Scientists don't know their use . They gave three hypotheses

1 : used as pan to cook food

2: use as drum

3: used as mirror

Listening

Lecture is against the passage

1. Disks has no blacking and discoloration

2. The sound of ceramic drum is unpleasant comparing the wood

3. The decorations is unnecessary if the disk is placed horizontal

Task 2

Version

Topic

Do you agree or disagree the statement that all university students should take history class as required course no matter what their field of study is.