独立口语 Independent Speaking - S12

 

1. 

S1

Among the following three activities, which do you think has the most benefits for students? 1. A field trip 2. A home tutoring session 3. A presentation given by a local leader

S2

Some people consider going to the gym a priority in their life, while others go to the gym only when they have time. Which do you think is better and why?

 

2.

S1

Which course would you like to attend, public speech, photograph, or how to start your own small business?

S2

Some people make decisions depending on themselves, while others tend to refer to others for advice. Which do you prefer and why?  

 

3. 

S1

Which of the following activities would you do with friends rather than alone? A. taking a walk B. watching a movie C. traveling.

S2

When going on vacations, some people prefer to go camping in tents, others prefer to stay in hotels. Which do you think is better?

 

4.

S1

Which one of the following extracurricular activities would you recommend children to take part in: playing sports, playing music, or visiting art galleries? Explain why.

S2

Which kind of job do you prefer: a job with a high salary but a lot of business trips, or a job with a low salary but no business trips?

 

5. 

S1

Your friend plans to go to your country to study, but has concerned about expenditure. What is your advice for your friend?

S2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it’s more effective to work with a group when everyone has their responsibilities and duties?

 

6. 

S1

If you can have a part-time job at the university, what position would you choose?A lab assistant, a campus tour guide or a library assistant? Please give specific reasons.

S2

Some people speak out in class, others prefer to listen and quietly observe. Which do you think leads to greater success in school? Explain why you think so.

 

7.

S1

What are some important effects of the worldwide availability of the Internet on modern people’s life? Use specific details and examples to support your response.

S2

Some students prefer to go to university or colleges in their own cities or towns. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

 

8. 

S1

What time of a year do you like the most? Please give specific reasons and details in your response.

S2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Having a relaxed or unhurried lifestyle is the most important for a person.

 

9. 

S1

Which of the following activities is more likely to make you happy? Gathering with friends, studying alone or traveling. Please include details in your explanation.

S2

Some students prefer a grade that is bases on many short assignments, while others prefer a grade based on one or two long assignments. Which one do you prefer and why?

 

10. 

S1

Some countries now take measures to attract a large amount of foreign tourists to their tourism sites. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of attracting a large amount of foreign tourists to tourism sites, give examples to illustrate your points.

S2

Some students prefer to study nine or ten months a year, others choose to be in school the whole year. Which do you think is better. Explain why.

 

11.

S1

Which do you think is the best way to comprehend a university, one-day trip during the weekend, taking school courses, or playing in the school playground during the weekends?

S2

If there is a land, which do you think it should be build to, a land for vegetable cultivation or a children’s amusement park?

 

12.

S1

Describe a skill you have already learned and want to improve. Describe what you plan to do to improve it.

S2

Advertisements have too much influence on consumers’ choices. What’s your opinion on it? Please give reasons to support your response.

 

13.

S1

Some people like to work or study in new places. What are the advantages of working or studying in new places? Give examples and explain your reasons.

S2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? School should ban junk food, such as soda, chips and candy. Give examples and explain your reasons.

 

14. 

S1

Describe an important day in your life. Explain why it is so important to you.

S2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching television is not a good way to spend one’s time.

 

15.

S1

Someone’s coming to your city for a visit with little knowledge about the weather and the place. What suggestions are you going to give him? Please give specific reasons.

S2

Some students prefer to study or work on difficult class assignments early in the morning. Other students prefer to do this type of work in the evening. Which do you prefer and why?

 

16. 

S1

Which of the following library volunteer would you want to choose to do? Helping people find the right material, reading to kids or keeping bookshelf organized.

S2

Your professor is asking you to help with some research on the weekend, but you have planned to go to your sister’s birthday party. Which would you choose?

 

17. 

S1

Which of the following volunteer work would you choose and why?

(1) Working as a home tutor

(2) Helping adults to read

(3) Providing transportation for elder people

S2

If you have time, would you choose to learn to play a new musical instrument or learn to play a new sport?

 

18.

S1

Which activity do you prefer, being a private tutor, visiting scholar, or...?

S2

Some people think students should attend all the courses, while others think students can select the course they want to attend and review the class materials to make up the gap. Which do you think is better and why?

 

19. 

S1

Which one of the following qualities do you think is the most important for a university student: highly-motivated, hard-working or intelligent?

S2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Artists and musicians are important to the society.

 

20. 

S1

What are the advantages and disadvantages of eating in a fast-food restaurant? Please include specific reasons and details in your response.

S2

Which do you prefer, card game or computer game? Please include specific reasons and details in your response.

 

综合口语 S3456

1.

S3 Reading: Announcement: The university is going to cancel its lecture series.

Reason 1: Low students' attendance rates.

Reason 2: Too expensive to pay for the professors' housing.

Listening: The man disagrees.

Reason 1: He personally has a good time there, the real problem is the advertising, the university only puts the information on its website and not too many students get to see it: what the university should do is to hang out posters which can be seen everywhere on campus.

Reason 2: The university can use the empty dorms to accommodate the professors instead of arranging them in hotels.

 

S5 Problem: The man has got a prize for his outstanding term paper and he's going to have a dinner with the university president, but he doesn't know what to wear.

Solutions:

Solution 1: Wear suit. Problem不记得了。Conclusion: He doesn't have one and he doesn't have time to buy one either. Solution

2: Wear casual clothes. Problem不记得了。Con: He's not sure if it's okay.

 

S6 Lecture: Two survey methods.

Example 1: Unstructured method, these are usually open-ended questions that don't really look for specific information, questions like what you want the government do to improve our city.

Example 2: Structured method, these are usually close-ended questions that look for specific information, questions like choose from the three to improve our city: building more bicycle trails, building more parks and planting more trees.

 

2.

S3 Reading: A student proposes to the school to let boarding students park their cars on campus. He suggests the school can build a new parking garage on the empty space near the gym. He thinks having a car on campus is useful to get to jobs and other activities in town.

Listening: The girl does not agree with the proposal. Since the school already plan to build a new music building upon that empty space, the school has no space for boarding students to park their cars. In addition, students can use public transportation, such as bus, to go wherever they want.

 

S4 Reading: The teacher-expectancy effect refers to the tendency of students to perform to the level of their teachers' expectations.

Listening: The professor used to teach a sixth grader Robber, who is quiet and sloppy dressed The professor left Robber in the slower-paced math group, and Robber never volunteered in class, did not do his homework and just passed the test; however, when the professor moved him to the advanced group, Robber was more energized by the fast pace, started to do his homework and ended as one of the best students in class.

 

S5 Problem: The boy was waiting for Greg at the student center to return the sociology book he borrowed for tomorrow's test. But Greg was in the library and forgot it. Since the boy got a doctor'w appointment and need to get off campus soon, he had to figure a way to return the book as Greg might need it for the test.

Solutions: 1. The boy can come back campus after a couple hours and return the book, but before that Greg might already need it for review. 2. The girl he was talking to can help him return the book to Greg in the library, but this may let her walk all across campus back and forth.

 

3.

S3 阅读材料是学校通知下学期将开设interview skill workshop，会请外面的职业人士来学校模拟interview，帮学生更好的准备以后找工作。 对话里两个人都很喜欢这个program 1，附近的其他学校都没有开设这个program，所以他们会变得competitive； 2，除了能教你skill，meeting and chatting with这些不同行业的人能够build up connections。

 

S4 fast following，一个全新的产品，家公司做广告之后，第二家公司过段时间follow，效益比家的好这种现象。让你解释这个定义。business class介绍了fast following这个concept，which means一些公司不愿意be the first to try new products，于是如果别的公司推出了innovative的new product，他们会快速效仿。例子是一video game company颠覆传统，用感应人的动作的movement sensor代替controller，市场反应很好。于是另外一家公司马上效仿这个做法，而且还improve了他们的graphic quality，所以市场上人们都灰常like it and buy it。

 

S5 一个男生跟一个女生谈话，说自己在家忘了学校这茬，匆匆忙忙来了学校发现东西忘在家了。提到concert了，还有paper要写。很混乱。女生说东西可以自己回家去取，或者让爸妈送过来。题目，这个男生该咋办，你的两个建议，同意哪一个。题目记不太清了，一定看清是你的建议还是文中提到的建议。是说男生回家把吉他落家里了 然后马上有个concert 但是下周学习太忙还要交论文 所以开车回去太浪费时间; 还有个选择就是用室友的 但是他已经习惯了用自己的 怕效果不好....

 

S6 另外一个是迁移动物的behavior的特点。提到两种鸟，一种鸟不迁移，一种鸟会迁移，中间不会受到诱惑二停下来。第二种拿鲨鱼做例子，不知道怎么解释的，但是结论是走直线。题目是用英文中的例子讲一下迁移行动的特点。关于migrating animal’s characteristics的，一是这些migrating animal由于要做长途迁徙to reach their destination，会更focus，不会被别的东西easily disturb到，相对来说，local birds一发现food就很兴奋; 二是migrating animal tend to move in straight line，例子是migrating shark会用geomagnetism来定位直线移动，而local animal就倾向于乱移动来找食物

 

4.

S3 Reading: 有人建议把宿舍的lounge的一间改成study room，这样大家可以去学习。并且在study room里配上电脑。 Proposal: His lounge in the dorm should be changed into study room. Reason 1: People can go there to study.

Reason 2: The study room should be equipped with computers.

Listening: 男生认为这个proposal很好，是what students need。

因为：

1）每次大家在lounge里看电视什么的都很吵，而且宿舍也吵，比如室友一天到晚打电话听音乐。而且他们没有地方学习。

2）如果有电脑就方便多了。不是每个人都有电脑的，有时候大家必须去图书馆用电脑。可是有时太晚了图书馆都关门了。

 

S4 Reading: 一个概念：latent demand---现在不存在，但可以被商家identify出来，从而有针对性的生产商品来满足潜在客户的需求。一旦有产品了，会很成功，因为这时候没有竞争对手。

Listening: 在最开始的时候，人们在家里用large stereo来听音乐，后来出现了小点的stereo，人们就把便携式的stereo带到户外听音乐。有商家sense到了这个latent demand，想如果大家可以在public场合听音乐，但是不是这种out loud的，而是可以privately地听，别人听不到的那种，那不是很好吗？于是他们制造了很小的stereo，而且有耳机，所以别人听不到，只有自己听到。果然产品一出来就热卖，商家赚翻，因为还没有竞争对手。

 

S5 Problem: The man was supposed to go to the seaside with friends, but Mary asked him to go help her to move out according to a short notice because she has to move out by tomorrow. Solutions:

Solution 1: Find someone to replace him. But it might not work at this last minute.

Solution 2: Cancel his appointment with his friends. But he has been planning to go for long, and later the weather will turn cold, and they can't go to the beach any more.

 

S6 Lecture: 如果predator能够预知prey会做出什么样的行为，那就便于他们捕食了。可是有的动物可以有一些mechanism，让predator无法预知猎物下一步的行为。比如squid. 1）squid并不走直线，速度也不很确定。它会变速，走zigzag那种pattern，于是predator无法anticipate它的行为，就不好抓到它； 2）squid可以变色。比如pink-blue-white这种。比如predator一直在盯着一个pink的东西跑，结果bang，pink的东西不见了，来了个blue的，那么predator就会confuse，于是squid就有机会escape.

 

5.

S3 Reading: announcement里面讲学校要求志愿者要竞争社区服务state university require 10 hours volunteer working in community and its benefits.

Listening: 女同学觉得不好。

原因：

1 本来是自愿的，但是学校把它弄成mandatory，不好。

2 说比如公园让clean the air，但是她没有车，有些社区说是近，但是还是要走很远，说有些学生没车不方便去很远的地方。

 

S5 Problem: 一男遇到个难题，想去参加招聘会，以为毕业找工作对他来说非常重要。但是又碰巧是在饭店的打工时间。

Solution:女同学给了两个方法：

一是跟其他的co-worker调下时间，去招聘会，男说，老板已经很好了，没有安排他上课的时间工作，不好意思再换了。

二是工作之前去招聘会，有些公司的老板还是会提前去招聘会的，到时候可以和那些老板谈一下。男的说，这个主意不错，但是如果好的公司在他走了之后才来怎么办？问题是总结男生的问题和女生的建议以及个人的观点。

 

S6 Lecture: 讲infant跟哪种care givers关系好

一种学说，对于infant来说，谁给吃的，跟谁关系好，但是事实并不是这样。教授做了个实验，两个一样的monkey infants.给每一个monkey两care givers:一个是给infant特别舒服的环境，如有软软的毯子的。一个就是给infant盖的东西。两个infant分别是两种不同的care giver给吃的东西。然后infant有种行为是喜欢谁就向着谁爬，结果发现，不管是哪种care giver给infant吃的东西，infant都爬向那个给舒服环境、给毯子盖的giver. 问题是总结教授的讲座。

 

6.

S3 一个学生在信中建议由教授改全部作业，原因1.教授可以给学生more detailed and helpful comments than TA. 2. Professor gets a good sense in this way and can make adjustments

Listening: disagree. R1: Professor has too much work so cannot give specific comments to each student. R2: Professor meet TA every week, and they can get feedback efficiently.

 

S4 Reading: memory amentia means the sources of the memory are forgotten. Listening: 教授用自己的经验做例子，说他去看他姐姐，看到蝴蝶，就说他想起了小时候，和姐姐Hiking的时候，累死了的想放弃的时候看到了漂亮的蝴蝶，然后就想继续前行；然后他姐laughed at him，因为他搞混了，这个情景出现在他们儿时共同看得电视节目里面。

 

S5 P：The woman lost her part-time job, so she didn't have enough money. S1: to work for her uncle's coffee house, but it is far away from campus, she doesn't have a car, and it takes 1 hour to take the bus. S2: to reduce the entertainment cost, but she cannot enjoy with her friends.

 

7.

S3 Reading:学校通知学校计划让现在的resident advisor去培训新来的RA, 之前的advisor都是学校的教职工给新的培训，现在要改成又担任过advisor的学生给新加入的培训。

Listening：女的说她同意这样做，

理由

1. 她做过advisor，说这样可以把她的经验介绍给新的advisor，有助于解决roommate间的conflict;

2 因为开学

 

S5 Problem: 一男的想把notes还给Tina，因为她要用，他在约好的地方等，Tina没出现，这个男的打电话Tina又不接，明天就要考试了，男生马上也有事情。

Solutions:女生给了两个建议：

1 放他dorm,男的说这样他part-time job就迟到了；

2 可以通过campus mail，然后给Tina手机留言，但是男生说怕Tina下午才能收到笔记来不及复习。

 

S6 Lecture: The barrier of opening new business. The first one is financial barrier. For example, to open a new gym, we should spend a lot of money on the expensive equipment and so on. The second one is customer loyalty, the same example, people are used to go to the popular gyms that are opened before, and it is difficult to stop them to go there.

 

8.

S3 Announcement: the enrolment in the summer school has declined

Measure 1: shorten the summer school time from 6 weeks to 4, and this allows students to go on a vacation or go home after the class

Measure 2: lower the accommodation fee

Listening: agree

R1: He went to a summer school last year but ended up having only one week left before the next semester began, and he felt like he didn't get any rest at all.

R2: Reducing the accommodation fee will allow students who want to go to summer school but are concerned about money to get a chance for enrolment.

 

S4 Reading: biological mimicry is when scientists get inspired by observing the living habits of animals and plants, and then apply them to human life. Lecture: the professor is talking about a broad and flat plant called lily pad which usually floats above water while the root of it stays underwater, scientists invented solar lily pads based on this plant, and it’s a kind of solar device with a broad and plat panel floating on the surface of water with the generator underwater. It can absorb energy from the sun the create electricity.

 

S6 2 kinds of explanations Attribution: when people believe other things are responsible for their mistakes, like excuses. For example, as a teacher, he always hear excuses like my alarm clock didn't work, to explain that they didn't want to be late. Justification: when people know they’re responsible for their mistakes, but there’s a justified reason behind. For example, if someone ditches the class to go to a job interview thinking the interview is more important than the class, this kind of explanation is called justification.

 

9.

S3 Reading: University theater is planning to prohibit eating food in the stadium.

Reason 1: eating is a distraction to other members in the show and avoid eating increase the experience.

Reason 2: students don’t bring the waste out of the stadium-forget to dispose.

Listening: The woman agrees with the notice.

Reason1: noise. Someone eats popcorn and distracts her.

Reason 2: Dirty. Someone leaves the popcorn box in the stadium.

 

S4 Reading: Definition: Facial feedback, we believe that our emotion causes our facial expression. But it is not true. It is our facial expression determines how we feel.

Listening:  The professor gives an example of an experiment. He gives out the same math problem to two groups of students. Everyone is the same except one. He asks students in Group A to smile in the experiment, and students in Group B to present frown and other unhappy in the experiment. As a result, students in group A say they enjoy the math, while students in group B say they are tortured.

S5 Problem: The woman is planning to move out of campus and she has found an apartment to share with her original roommate, but the apartment was too expensive and she can’t afford it.

Solution:

1 Ask her roommate to find someone new to share the apartment with her. Con: Difficult to find a new partner for the roommate within such a limited period of time. Solution

2 Get a part-time job in the restaurant. Con: Time-consuming, she may not have enough time to study or socialize with her friends.

 

10.

S3 Reading: 有人提议说在study lounge做group study不好，因为相互打扰，建议把它改成for individual study，同时建议 group study在图书馆的会议室（conference room）进行。 Listening: 同意 R1: 她表示根本不愿意去那里，有一次为了赶paper在那里学习，吵得要死不能专心，要求同学安静，但周围人只安静一小会然后又继续吵吵 R2: 同时她赞同conference room for group study。因为有门，不会吵到别人，同时桌子很大椅子很多；然而lobby的桌椅很小，需要拉到一起拼起来

 

S4 Reading: Negative Externality，个人的行为可能会让不相干的人感到不爽

Listening: 教授小时候家附近有片漂亮农田，风景好，周围居民都很enjoy，但是农田主人想退休，于是把地卖给一家公司，公司建厂，厂房破坏美丽景致，工厂烟雾造成污染，周围居民尽管没有参与这个土地转让的协议，但他们利益受到损害，却无计可施

 

S5 Sally要做presentation却把handout落家了，家在校外很远

S1: 男生开车送她，虽然麻烦却也可吃午饭

S2:不发handout直接讲，但是她都准备了，而且有之会让听众更容易跟着她

 

S6两种方法防护beach erosion

1. 造建筑barrier，用混凝土等材料 build construct in shallow water or near shore, 这种construct 减轻 force of the wave， decrease amount of water that reach the beach，降低被浪卷走的沙的数量浪就小了

2. 二是用新的沙子代替冲走的，比如建个泵把海里沙子抽上来，这样以后就会更多冲走新的，旧的就留下来了

 

 

独立写作 W2

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People nowadays spend more time than they should using text messages and new technologies such as social media to communicate with each other.

 

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Patience is not usually a good thing and we need to take actions at once.

 

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.

 

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Society benefits more from works of great artists than from political leaders.

 

5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important thing that people have learned is from their families.

 

6. Do you agree or disagree that parents should make suggestion to the teacher if parents find the teaching method is not right?

 

7. Some jobs can pay high salaries but require employees to leave their family and friends. Some jobs pay few salaries but allow employees staying with family and friends. Which job do you prefer? Why?

 

8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement that it is important to read or watch news presented by different people in different views than by similar views?

 

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should support artists rather than allow them to support themselves.

 

10. When leading a group, most people talk while others listen. But best leaders always spend more time listening to others’ ideas. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?

 

11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In 20 years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.

 

12. Your community has decided to buy a space to develop its economy, which do you think the space should be built into, a shopping mall, a theater (music center or drama), or a hotel? And explain why.

 

13. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is just as important for older people to study and learn new things as it is for younger people too.

 

14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Patience is usually not a good strategy; we should take action now rather than later.

 

15. Do you agree or disagree with the following opinion? The most important goal of education is to help people educate themselves?

 

16. Which is more important in one’s career life? The working knowledge and skills or the ability to adapt to new conditions.

 

17. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for the government to spend money on new buildings than to preserve historic or traditional buildings and homes.

 

18. Some people argue using a cleaner energy to protect the environment, but some people say the traditional energy sources such as coal and oil is less expensive, what is your suggestion?

 

19. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The more money people have, the more they should give away to charity.

 

20. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that teachers’ performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers?

 

综合写作 W1

1.

Reading: 反对national park将要收门票。

1. 这是国家公园，国家对市民的税中包含了对公园的维护等费用，所以不应额外收费，而且国家公园就是应该让大家免费参观。

2. 收费会减少大家去公园的兴趣 (discourage), 去公园的人数将会减少。

3. 会使公园的工作人员 (employee) 多参与有关门票销售，或者是处理废票等的工作，而会分散对别的工作的重视，如保障游人安全，保护公园环境等，阅读材料认为这些才是真正需要工作人员重视的。

Listening: 教授不同意阅读材料的观点, 认为收费是合理的。

1. 收费会对人们更加公平，体现在，有的人每年最多来一次公园，却要交纳税费，虽然每人都可以去公园，但并不是每人都会去。所以收费门票可以保证公平。

2. 使用creative的方法，使收费标准根据公园的famous程度不同而不同。收费之后反而更加吸引游人参观。在游人心目中，门票高的公园比门票低得公园更值得去看。

3. 收门票的时候，employee可以接触到所有的游客，就可以知道他们的想法和需要，就可以更新设施，知道参观人数可以控制accident和emergence的发生，所以服务质量提高了。

 

2.

Reading: natural gas 开采应该减少，原因：

1. 不是干净能源，会排放温室气体

2. 产生污水

3. 噪音和光影响社区

Listening：进行一一反驳

1. 确实不是干净能源，但是风能太阳能不能满足现在需要，而且天然气产生的温室气体是煤的一半

2. 污水不被吸到地面也会渗透地底同样污染水源

3. 开采管道都会off社区，还有公司会给钱，这些钱会改善社区环境。

 

3.

阅读：如何防止鸟不撞上建筑物

1. 单一光线玻璃

2. 彩色的玻璃

3. 导航指引方向

听力: 反对所有观点：

1. 鸟以为是镜子，同样会撞上

2. 找缝隙撞到没有颜色的玻璃上

3. 导航在短距离没效果

 

4.

Reading: mercury牙医用来repair牙齿的一种物质。阅读说应该被禁止。

1. 影响健康。里面有种物质吸收后会影响central nerve system带来一系列病。

2. 环境问题。诊所里用完后冲走进入江河湖海，会造成环境污染威胁wildlife。

3. 可以代替的材料。有很多材料可以代替她，像陶瓷，金什么的。

Listening: 反对：

1. 它只有很少的量被人体吸收。不会带来什么大问题。有些人有问题是他们过敏，然后这种过敏的比例很小。

2. 有一种device, S开头的，）（屏幕会显示。）可以COLLECT这些solids所以不会带来这些问题。

3. 这种材料持续时间长效果好，其他材料不能代替。像金。太贵了。

 

5.

Reading：moth飞蛾，总是围绕人造（human made lights）灯光的地方甚至crush into lights。文章给出三个possible explanations；

1. 飞蛾有飞向moon的本领。为了躲避青蛙等predator，它总是往上飞也就是moon的所在方向，所以飞蛾可能误认为human made lights为moon。

2. 飞蛾飞向人造灯或许因为有heat。

3. 飞蛾也许误认为人造灯光是食物源food resource。

Listening: 认为阅读文章不准确，不能成立。

1. 如果飞向人造灯是为了躲避predator，那么飞一会儿就得了，干嘛还要围绕几个小时甚至更长。当危险褪去本就可以飞走了。

2. 飞蛾有辨别食物散发出来的carbon dioxide的本领。人造灯没有释放二氧化碳

3. 有些人造灯，例如fluorescent lights散发出来的heat少之又少，甚至少于nature.

 

6.

Reading: lionfish从Indo洋扩展到太平洋了，阅读中有三种方法来解决：

1. 人工捕捉它们来protect coral reef生物系统

2. 引入fish market，这样可以减少对local fish 的需要，让他们有时间recover

3. 人们可以把它们用语日常饮食，因为他们高蛋白，低脂肪。

Listening:教授全部反对：

1. 人工捕捉无法区分lionfish和其他鱼，很多rare的鱼也都在coral reef，会牵连其他鱼种

2. 引进市场会导致有人人工养殖。Lionfish如果从fish farm escape，这就造成了更严重的invasive问题

3. 有些lionfish是有毒的，吃了以后会造成vomiting numbness arching, 我们无法检测每一条鱼，所以不吃它们。

 

7.

Reading: coal ash的污染很严重，需不需要new, much stricter regulations on handling and storing coal ash.阅读说不需要：有几个理由：

1. 相关的regulation已经存在，要求company to use LINER on the ponds 什么的

2. 他怕新的严格的规定，会让人们不敢再买recycled coal ash

3. Increasing cost. 电费会涨十倍，大众会不接受

Listening: 说需要：

1. 原本的规定只要求company在新的ponds上用liner, old ones are not required。所以现在old ponds还是会产生许多coal ash，会进入地下水，最后污染饮用水。

2. Professor举了mercury 的例子，在mercury的问题上也有很严格的regulation,但是人们依然在买recycled mercury for over 50 years.

3. 电费确实会涨到多少billion, 但是平均到人头上，每个人的电费就只涨了1%而已。It is not a big price to pay to have a cleaner environment.

 

8.

Reading：Iron fertilization

1. Not efficient, in experiment, only few carbon dioxide could be absorbed.

2. Produce toxic chemical materials which will harm the local fish industry. Human beings will be harmed also if they eat those toxic fishes.

3. Cause bad impact to ocean biology system. Damage ocean;s bio-system balance.

Listening: against the reading

1. Experiment is too short, only for 1 month. Actually, the 2^nd and third month, absorption of carbon dioxide will gradually increase. Most of CO2 are consumed in the last month which cannot be observed in the short experiment.

2. Only limited area will generate these toxic materials. Stop to use this method in those areas then.

3. Global warming’s risk is greater than Regional Ocean’s bio-system risk. So we should concern more about glocal warming, ignore ocean’s biology system damage.

 

9.

Reading：Three ways to avoid space debris from colliding with spaceships.

1. Tracking technology;

2. Spaceship shield;

3. Laser broom.

Listening: The professor is against three methods:

1. Tracking technology will only track bigger debris. Small debris travel fast and collision caused them are fatal. E.g. a chip of paint from one spaceship collided with another spaceship. The small debris smashed on another spaceship’s wall and created a hole.

2. Shield method is not good too since it adds extra weight to the spaceship. We need to develop more powerful rocket to deliver the spaceship to the space. The challenge is harder for us.

3. Finally, the professor doesn’t like laser broom idea. A laser broom with such power could be used a military weapon in space, which violates the international agreement.

 

10.

Reading: Harappan（一个古代的community） decline 的原因：

1.因为nomadic tribe（游牧）的invade，而且Harappan的painting和其他东西都表明Harappan没有军队。

2.climate change，导致agriculture的decline，没有足够的surplus来support更多的人口。

3.Epidemic（流行病），说流行病大范围传播，并且喝的水污染了，传染扩大。Listening: 反对：

1.被invade的cities只是Harappan很小一部分，Harappan很大，少部分被invaded不会影响整个community的decline。

2.同时期其他两个community如Egypt和不达米亚也遇到了climate change。但是他们adjust to the environment。他们能够生产出足够的食物来support人口。

3.说Harappan有很sufficient water，而且Harappan在filter water方面很excellent。因此大范围的污染是不可能的。传染病更不能大范围传播。

 

11.

Reading：新品种西兰花

1.新的西兰花不再像以前一样只能从加州通过运输转运到东海岸来卖高价，当地消费者可以购买当地种植的新品种西兰花了

2.新品种是用传统方式种植的，不像玉米是用了genetic modifications technology，后面貌似是（消费者也会认同，购买）

3.新的西兰花可以直接在当地收获，越新鲜营养越丰富（还是保存得更好）

Listening：

1.生产率低，产物少价格就高，跟运输费抵消了

2.新品种和玉米都是一个公司的产品，人们不相信这个公司的玉米，自然也可以不相信新的西兰花

3.有些东部的蔬菜同样也有相同的营养，而且可以在夏天秋天冬天生长，不像西兰花只能在夏天生长。人们应该吃那些已经available的蔬菜