Passage 1

Topic

交通类

Type of Questions

T/F/NG  4个Label a diagram 4个 sentence completion

Content Review

For more than 40 years, practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture,needs and skills. With our technique and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.

A whilst the focus of National Development Plants in the transport dectorlies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities. There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures to improve their liveihoods.

But on the other hand , the development of all weathered roads( only 30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition, these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical context environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the  lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear govenment focus and policies,lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to underdevelopment of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTS.

One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By imporving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.

Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major prioroty for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/ transport infrastructures through the construction andrehabilitation of shour rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. THis means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets,  health care, education and other economic and social opportunities,as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages. Driving forward new ideas

Practical Action and communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practicalbusiness use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making,maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know how, SRI Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels.The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of piverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action researvh are carried out and one conspicious exanple ia the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement.

Sky-scraping transport system

For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, gettinf food to market in order to earn encough money to survive is a serious issue. The hillsare so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help butthey are expensive, ans it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action have developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleysrolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional fly wheel system. The  trolley at the top is located with goods and can take up 120kg. This is pilled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by the external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an opinion.

Bringing people on board.

Practical Action develop a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached( via a hitch behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or even passengers. People can now carry three times as much as before  and still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used for transporting goods by local producers, as amnulances, as moble shops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small village workshops from tubing, which is cut bent, welded and drilled to make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out to the trailers in these workshops at the request of buyers. The two-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal,with standard rubber-tyred wheels. The “bed” section can be padded with cushions to make the patient comfortable. While the “seat” section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit. A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so that other community members do not need to go without the bicycles they depend on in their daily lives. Ajoining mechanism allows for easy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, a cover has been designed that can be added to give protection to the patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton, the cover is durable and waterproof.

Questions & Answers

Q 1-33T/F/NG

1.    政府非常了解偏远地区的问题（No)

2.   待补充

3.    贫困地区机动车数量上升(NG)

Q 5-8 句子填空

5.    The organisation is a charity

6-7. It is easier for people to have access to markets and complete daily task

Q 9-13 图表填空

9. Rubber

10. Joining mechanism to the bicycle

11. Bed section with cushion

12. Seat section for a family member

13. A special cover for poor weather condition

12.  They may be in the state of ___. (transition)

13.  They still lived on ___. (hunting)

Passage 2

Topic

Culture matter

Type of Questions

7个标题配对， 3个句子填空， 3个人名配对

Content Review

文章大意：

成功的毛衣应该彼此了解，例如：中东澳大利亚

一教授说文化美国交易失败的例子，外派的雇员会因为文化差异如住不惯等导致交易失败。有人提意见，除了文化, manner 也很重要。

提出问题， 仅靠English language 能不能搞定生意：美国与英国的例子，澳洲的一大学采用不同的文化背景来教学长期合作的会促进对文化的影响进而影响贸易

Questions & Answers

部分答案：

1. Change one’s title can assist business

2. Learning the cultural background need long-term involvement

填空题：

1. Australian people are less straight

2. Will attend a banguest as well as drinking tea\

3. The same teacher provide credibility to...... students

Passage 3

Topic

生物类/ Honeybeesin trouble-Can native pollinators fill the gap

Type of Questions

5个matching sentence endings

Content Review

文章大意：

CCD 疾病 害很多野生蜜蜂进而会影响商业和农业， 那人说疾病可能会影响农民健康 美国的那些蜂蜜与农业模式很配合 工业化产业化农业比较不可控制 一些人的理论蓝果蝇多少只可以授粉多少果园使Honeybee 数量多些 with certain plant native bee 也可以共存 农场特定农作物才可以用native one 在特定的环境会比Hhoneybee 更好拯救 native bee 的措施才会有利于当地动物

Questions & Answers

部分答案：

判 断题

1. 美国农民一直在用很多蜜蜂 （NO)

2. F开头的一个人说1962 发报告CCD疾病会伤害农民（NG)

3. Of native bees, blue orchard 的这种蜜蜂授粉最有效率 （NG)

4. 拯救native bee 也会收益当地其他动物（YES)

选择题：

1. 蜜蜂适应当地农业因为：

C. 杀虫剂对他们不起作用 （bee hives can swift or close when pesticides are applied on them)

2. 最后一段，作者先想表达的意思是

C. 不同种类的蜜蜂适合在不同size 的场地劳动