1. Astronomy 天文学

Planet ['plænɪt] n.行星

【频】72

【例】TPO26 L3 So this comet, if it happens to pass by a planet just the right way, it can be drawn into a new orbit.

【衍】planetary adj.行星的

 

Astronomy [ə'strɑnəmi] n. 天文学

【频】56

【例】TPO3 L4 Now Astronomy didn’t really bloom into the science it is today until the development of spectroscopy.

【衍】astronomic adj. 天文学的，星学的；astronomer n. 天文学家；astronavigation n. 太空航行；

 

Comet ['kɑmət] n. 彗星

【频】40

【例】TPO26 L3 Halley’s comet comes from far out in the solar system, goes in close to the sun, and then out again．

【衍】cometary adj. 彗星的；彗星似的

orbit ['ɔrbɪt] n. 轨道； vi. 盘旋；绕轨道运行

【频】39

【例】TPO17 L2  A lot of people think of earth’s orbit around the sun as being perfectly circular, as smooth and as regular as, say, the way that hands move on a well -made watch, but it just doesn’t work that way.

【衍】orbital adj. 轨道的；orbiter n. 人造卫星；盘旋物

 

Meteor['mitɪɚ] n. 流星，陨星

【频】24

【例】TPO5 L2 We think meteors that crashed into the moon or tails of passing comets may have introduced water molecules.

【衍】meteorology n. 气象状态，气象学

 

track [træk] n. 轨道；足迹 vt. 追踪；循路而行

【频】22

【例】TPO23 L1 The earliest device we had that could track the sun and moon like this was invented over 1,000 years later.

【衍】trackable  adj.可追踪的，可跟踪的；tracker n. 追踪系统， 跟踪装置；

 

distance ['dɪstəns] n. 距离；间隔 vt. 疏远

【频】22

【例】TPO3 L3 When you analyze this light, you can figure out their distance from the Earth, and identify what they are made of, determine their chemical composition.

 

Image ['ɪmɪdʒ] n. 影像

【频】20

【例】TPO5 L2 This color-coated image of the SPA Basin, those aren’t its actual colors obviously, this image is from the mid 90s, from the American spacecraft called Clementine.

 

Venus ['vinəs] n. [天] 金星

【频】18

【例】TPO24 L4 Venus has mostly shield volcanoes, and they are randomly scattered, that indicates that Venus does not have moving tectonic plates, and that's a big difference compared to Earth.

 

Radiation [,redɪ'eʃən] n. 辐射；发光；放射物

【频】18

【例】TPO3 L4 Radiation as a general term actually refers to anything that spreads away from its source. So optical radiation is just visible light energy spreading out.

【衍】radioactive adj. 放射性的；有辐射的；radiator n. 散热器；暖气片；辐射体；radiate v. 辐射；发光；

 

Sunspot ['sʌnspɑt] n. 太阳黑子

【频】18

【例】TPO18 L1 But there was evidence that the number of sunspots increased and decreased in a pattern, a pattern that began repeating after 10 years.

 

Meteorite ['mitɪə'raɪt] n. 陨石

【频】16

【例】TPO13 L4 The larger ones that make it through the atmosphere and hit the ground are called meteorites. So meteorites are the ones that actually make it through.

【衍】meteoritic adj. 陨星的；陨石的

 

Jupiter ['dʒʊpətɚ] n. 木星

【频】15

【例】TPO1 C2 So since Jupiter, the planet, is the largest planet in our solar system, it’s like the king of the planets, like Jupiter was the king of all the gods.

 

spectrum ['spektrəm]  n. 光谱；频谱；

【频】13

【例】TPO3 L4 You all know how when you take a crystal prism and pass a beam of sunlight through it, you get a spectrum, which looks like a continuous band of rainbow colors.

 

Mars [mɑrz] n. 火星

【频】11

【例】TPO22 L2 We were discussing the geological evidence of water, liquid water on Earth and Mars three to four billion years ago.

 

spectroscopy [spek'trɒskəpɪ] n. [光] 光谱学

【频】10

【例】TPO3 L4 What is Spectroscopy? Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light.

【衍】spectrograph n. 光谱仪；摄谱仪；spectrogram n. 光谱图；声谱图；spectroscope n. 分光镜；

 

gravity ['ɡrævəti] n. 重力，地心引力

【频】9

【例】TPO21 L1 They thought that gravity was basically a natural tendency of all things to move towards the center of the universe, which was the Earth, or the center of the Earth, so that explains why apples and other falling objects were falling straight down.

【衍】gravimeter n. 比重计；重力计

 

equator [ɪ'kwetɚ] n. 赤道

【频】9

【例】TPO14 L3 Take the case of the Gilbert Islands, they are part of Polynesia, and lie very close to the equator.

 

faint [fent] adj. 衰弱的 vi. 变得微弱

【频】8

【例】TPO 19 L2 One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint.

 

massive ['mæsɪv] adj. 大量的；巨大的

【频】7

【例】TPO 22 L2 If the young sun was more massive than today’s, it would have been hotter and brighter than the model predicts.

【衍】mass 块，团；大量，众多

 

revolve ['rɛvə'lv] v. 旋转；运行

【频】7

【例】TPO 21 L1 Geocentric means Earth-centered, so the geocentric view holds that the sun, the planets, and the stars, all revolve around the Earth, which is stationary.

【衍】revolutionary adj. 旋转的；大变革的；revolution n. 旋转；运行；

 

Galaxy ['ɡæləksi] n. 星系；银河系

【频】6

【例】TPO 19 L2 Isn’t that strange that the Milky Way is the Galaxy that the planet earth is in, and most of us have never seen it?

 

Lunar ['lunɚ] adj. 月亮的，月球的；阴历的

【频】6

【例】TPO 17 L3 One lunar cycle was one Egyptian month, and about four of the months would constitute a season.

 

terrestrial [tə'restrɪəl] adj. 地球的；陆地的；

【频】5

【例】TPO13 L4 The terrestrial planets--like Mars and Earth--composed largely of rocks and metals, and the large gas giants, like Jupiter.

【衍】terrene n. 地球；陆地

 

Saturn ['sætɝn] n. [天] 土星

【频】3

【例】TPO 2 L4 Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 Astronomical units from the sun.

 

Ceres ['siəri:z] n. 谷神星

【频】3

【例】TPO 2 L4 Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt.

 

Asteroid belt ['æstərɔɪd][ belt] n. 小行星带

【频】3

【例】TPO 13 L4 In the inner solar system, between Jupiter and Mars to be precise, we’ve got the asteroid belt, which contains about 90 percents of all asteroids orbiting the sun.

 

Milky Way ['mɪlkɪ][weɪ] n. 银河

【频】3

【例】TPO 19 L2 I have never seen the Milky Way within city limits, and I probably never will.

 

Molten ['moltən] adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的

【频】3

【例】TPO 24 L4 Remember, magma is hot molten rock that's underground, and it is called lava when it reaches the surface.

 

Solar wind ['səʊlə wɪnd] n. 太阳风

【频】3

【例】TPO 22 L2 Actually, the sun is constantly losing mass through the solar wind, a stream of charged particles constantly blowing off the sun.

 

 debris [də'bri] n. 碎片，残骸

【频】3

【例】TPO13 L4 We need to talk about comets and asteroids, which basically...they’re basically made up of debris left over from the origin of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.

 

constellation[,kɒnstə'leɪʃ(ə)n] n.星座

【频】2

【例】TPO 14 L3 Young, would-be navigators sat by the stones at night and turned in different directions to memorize the constellations they saw, so they could recognize them and navigate… by them later on when they went out to sea.

【衍】constellate v. 使形成星座；使群集

 

Uranus ['juərənəs] n. 天王星

【频】2

【例】TPO 2 L4 Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter.

 

Axis ['æksɪs] n. 轴；轴线；

【频】2

【例】TPO 17 L2 The tilt of earth’s Axis, that imaginery pole that runs through the center of the earth. And depending on the angle it tilts at, the seasons can be more or less severe.

 

Eclipse [ɪ'klɪps] vt. 使黯然失色  n. 日蚀，月蚀

【频】2

【例】TPO 23 L1 The Antikythera Mechanism also tracked both the lunar year and the solar year. Additionally, the gears also moved to match the motions of the planet and predicted Eclipses.

 

meteoroid ['mitɪɚ] n. 流星体

【频】2

【例】TPO 13 L4 Both comets and asteroids are...typically are smaller than planets. An even smaller type of interplanetary debris is the meteoroid.

 

Satellite ['sætəlaɪt] n. 卫星；人造卫星

【频】2

【例】TPO 29 L4 what we need is a really tall tower here on the ground right at the equator and a satellite in geostationary orbit around the Earth.

 

Mercury ['mɝkjəri] n. 水银；水星

【频】1

【例】TPO 2 L4 I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury . . . Venus. . . Earth. . . Mars. So, what do the numbers mean?

 

Neptune ['neptju:n] n. 海王星

【频】1

【例】TPO 26 L3 At its closest approach to the sun, Halley’s comet is about twice as close to the sun as Earth is．And at its farthest．It's about thirty-five times farther from the sun than we are, which puts it out beyond Neptune.

 

rotate ['rotet] vi. 旋转；循环 vt. 使旋转；使转动

【频】1

【例】TPO 23 L1 Inside the box, bronze gears would have rotated the displays. The displays, uh, the indicators of the Antikythera Mechanism, would then moved to show the motion of the sun and moon relative to the planets and stars.

【衍】rotational 转动的；回转的；轮流的；rotatable adj. 可旋转的；可转动的；可循环的；rotation n. 旋转；循环，轮流

 

Meteor shower ['miːtɪə; -tɪɔː] ['ʃaʊə] n. 流星雨

【频】1

【例】TPO 5 L2 If we had rock samples to study, we’d know whether these small craters were formed by impacts during the final stages of planetary formation, or if they resulted from later meteor showers.

 

Observatory [əb'zɝvətɔri] n. 天文台

【频】1

【例】TPO 19 L2 Now, here’s an irony, the building we are in now, the Astronomy building not far from our observatory, has unshielded lights.

【衍】observation n. 观察；监视； observer n. 观察者；观测者； 

 

Space shuttle [speɪs] ['ʃʌt(ə)l] n. 太空飞船

【频】 1

【例】TPO 29 L4 I mean, just taking the space shuttle up and back one time is hugely expensive.

Stellar ['stɛlɚ] adj. 星的；星球的

【频】1

【例】TPO 22 L2  Now, this apparent contradiction between geologic evidence and the stellar evolution model became known as the faint young sun paradox.

 

2.3 Physics 物理学

temperature ['tɛmprətʃɚ]  n. 温度

【频】57

【例】TPO4 L3 It’s possible that rain on the desert floor could turn to thin sheets of ice when temperatures drop at night.

【衍】adj. temperate 温和的，适度的；

 

edge [ɛdʒ] n. 边缘

【频】49

【例】TPO27 L1 We’ve gone over where coral reefs are usually formed – along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions, and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate.

【衍】adj. edgy 急躁的；尖利的； n. edger 磨边机；轧边机；刨边机

 

echo ['ekəʊ] vi. 发出回声 n. 回音

【频】21

【例】TPO7 L4 Echolocation is pretty self-explanatory; using echoes reflected sound waves to locate things. As Carol said, bats use it for navigation and orientation.

 

atom ['ætəm] n. 原子

【频】18

【例】TPO8 L4 Now we know that element 43 does occur naturally. It can be naturally generated from Uranium atoms that have spontaneously split.

【衍】adj. atomic 原子的，原子能的；n. atomization 雾化，原子化；

vi. atomize 使分裂为原子；将…喷成雾状；

 

optical ['ɑptɪkl] adj. 光学的；视觉的

【频】18

【例】TPO3 L4 If you are talking about radiation, like in the element Uranium, yeah, that’s dangerous. But radiation as a general term actually refers to anything that spreads away from its source. So optical radiation is just visible light energy spreading out.

【衍】n. optic 眼睛，镜片；optics [光] 光学；

 

density ['dɛnsəti] n. 密度

【频】17

【例】TPO8 L1 Because the older, more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have an impact on the number of chicks they have.

【衍】adj. dense 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的

n. densitometer 比重计，浓度计；光密度计

 

ray [reɪ] n. 射线；光线

【频】16

【例】TPO8 L4 They had been using a relatively new technology called X-ray spectroscopy, and they were using this to examine an ore sample. And they claimed that they’d found an element with 43 protons.

 

pressure ['prɛʃɚ] n. 压力； 压强

【频】13

【例】TPO 15 L4 And not only the extreme pressure, but also the extreme temperature of the water around these vents. If the lack of sunlight didn't rule out the existence of a biological community down there then these factors certainly would, or so they thought.

 

spectrum ['spɛktrəm] n. 光谱；频谱；范围；

【频】13

【例】TPO27 L4 Newton gave a scientific and objective explanation of colors. He used a prism to break white light down into the various colors of the spectrum. And he theorized, rightly so, that different colors are essentially different wavelengths of light.

【衍】adj. spectroscopic 光谱学的，分光镜的； n. spectroscopy [光] 光谱学；

 

wavelength['wevlɛŋθ] n. [物] 波长

【频】13

【例】TPO18 L3 I am sure you all know from physics class about how light moves in microscopic ways and that we can only see light when the wavelength of that light is in a specific range.

 

electronic [ɪ,lɛk'trɑnɪk] adj. 电子的

【频】12

【例】TPO19 L2 How come people have to turn off their cell phones and all our electronic devices when an airplane is about to take off?

【衍】n. electronics 电子学，电子工业；electron 电子

current['kɝənt] n.（水，气，电）流

【频】12

【例】TPO33 L3 Continental drift caused Antarctica to move apart from the landmass of South America and to drift into the Southern Polar Region. This resulted in a powerful water current encircling Antarctica, which prevented the Antarctic waters from mixing with warmer water.

 

liquid['lɪkwɪd]  n. 液体，流体

【频】11

【例】TPO22 L2 If the young sun was much fainter and cooler than the sun today, liquid water couldn’t have existed on either planet.

【衍】n. liquidizer 榨汁机，液化器；vi. liquidize 液化

 

magnetic [mæg'nɛtɪk] adj. 地磁的；有磁性的"

【频】11

【例】TPO18 L1 And the fact that sunspots are magnetic fields accounts for their dark appearance. That’s because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the sun’s surface. And since they are cooler, they are darker.

【衍】n. magnetism 磁性，磁力；磁学，吸引力；v. magnetize 磁化；受磁；

 

force [fɔrs] n. 力量；力度

【频】10

【例】TPO4 L3 One team of scientists flooded an area of the desert with water, then try to establish how much wind force would be necessary to move the rocks. And get this: you need winds of at least five hundred miles an hour to move just the smallest rocks!

 

gravity['ɡrævəti] n. 重力，地心引力

【频】9

【例】TPO7 L4 Now, even though it may be difficult to understand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow, it’s another word for it, it’s really known that no secret that the glaciers flow because of gravity. But how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining.

【衍】n. gravitation 重力，万有引力；gravimeter 比重计，重力计；

 

emit [ɪ'mɪt] vt. 发出，放射

【频】9

【例】TPO19 L2 Nearly all Astronomical objects in space emit radio waves, whether nearby stars, objects in far away galaxies, they all give off radio waves. And unlike visible light waves, these radio waves can get through the various gases and dusts in space, and through our own earth’s atmosphere comparatively easily.

【衍】n. emission 发射，散发，喷射；

 

charge [tʃɑrdʒ] n. 电荷 vt. 使充电；

【频】9

【例】TPO22 L2 Actually, the sun is constantly losing mass through the solar wind, a stream of charged particles constantly blowing off the sun.

 

molecule ['mɒlɪkjuːl] n. 分子；微粒

【频】8

【例】TPO22 L2 Plants also convert carbon dioxide into different forms of carbon-containing molecules and the conversion process used relies on the very same enzyme that works in humans．

 

thaw [θɔː] vi. 融解；变暖和 n. 解冻；融雪

【频】7

【例】TPO9 L2 And because of the cold temperatures, the tundra has two layers: top layer, which is called the active layer, is frozen in the winter and spring, but thaws in the summer.

 

velocity [və'lɑsəti] n. 速率，速度；

【频】7

【例】TPO23 L3 The sound waves are then transmitted by the bursa through the melon. First through a low velocity core, and then through a high velocity shell, where their speed is increased before they are transmitted into the surrounding seawater.

 

dimension[dɪ'mɛnʃ(ə)n; daɪ-] n. 方面；维度；次元；容积

【频】6

【例】TPO33 L2 One of the most remarkable things about the Great Pyramid is how accurate the proportions are. The dimensions are almost perfect. To get that perfection, the engineers must have had to measure it repeatedly during construction.

【衍】adj. dimensional 空间的；尺寸的；n. dimensionality 维度；幅员；

 

vibration [vaɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n] n. 振动；

【频】6

【例】TPO30 L4 What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul’s solid body eliminated the vibrations, and thus the distortions. 【衍】adj. vibrational [力] 振动的，摇摆的；n. vibrator 振动器；振子；

v. vibrate 振动；颤动；摇摆；

 

proton ['prəʊtɒn] n. [物] 质子

【频】6

【例】TPO8 L4 Well, early versions of the periodic table had gaps, missing elements. Every time you had one more proton, you had another element. And then, oops, there’d be an atomic number, for which there was no known element.

 

dynamics daɪ'næmɪks] n. 动力学，力学

【频】6

【例】TPO6 L4 So what caused the monsoon to migrate? Well, the answer is: the dynamics of earth’s motions, the same thing that caused the Ice Age by the way. The earth’s not always the same distance from the sun, and it’s not always tilting toward the sun at the same angle.

【衍】adj. dynamic 动态的；动力的；动力学的；

n. dynamometer 测力计；功率计；动力计；

 

opaque [ə(ʊ)'peɪk] adj. 不透明的； n. 不透明物

【频】5

【例】TPO9 C1 It was one of the first diaries to bottle milk in opaque plastic, but now they're using clear plastic again.

 

diffuse [dɪ'fjus] vt. 扩散；传播；漫射

【频】3

【例】TPO12 L4 Alright, let’s shift our focus now to some of the technologies that have been invented to overcome the problem of gathering diffused solar energy. The most basic solution is simply to carefully place windows in a building, so that the sun shines into the building and then it’s absorbed and converted into heat.

【衍】n.diffusion 扩散，传播；漫射；diffuser扩散器；散布者

 

friction ['frɪkʃən] n. 摩擦，摩擦力

【频】3

【例】TPO7 L4 So, ice at the base of the glacier melts, even though it’s below zero degree Celsius. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground. This layer of water reduces friction is... is like a lubricant. And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock.

【衍】adj. frictional [力] 摩擦的；frictionless 无摩擦的；光滑的；

 

ultraviolet [,ʌltrə'vaɪələt] n. 紫外线辐射，紫外光

【频】3

【例】TPO26 L4 First，we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies，using ultraviolet light．But that didn’t work on every page．

 

nucleus ['nuklɪəs] n. 核，核心；原子核

【频】2

【例】TPO26 L3 Now, you remember from our previous discussion that a comet’s nucleus ,its core, is made up of ice and dust, like a frozen snowball．

【衍】n. nucleonics 核子学；原子核物理学

 

dehydrate [di'haɪdret] vi. 脱水；去水

【频】2

【例】TPO14 L2 But one challenge that squirrels face, well many small mammals do, is that because of their size, sweating would make them lose too much moisture. They dehydrate.

【衍】n. dehydrator脱水剂；烘干机；dehydration 脱水；去湿；

 

electromagnetic [ɪ,lɛktromæɡ'nɛtɪk] adj. 电磁的

【频】2

【例】TPO19 L2 Well, in optical Astronomy, using a telescope and observing the stars that way, we rely on visible light waves. What we are seeing from earth is actually electromagnetic radiation that’s coming from stars. And just one part of it is visible light.

 

gravitation [,ɡrævɪ'teʃən] n. 重力；万有引力；地心吸力

【频】2

【例】TPO2 L4 Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.

 

accelerate [ək'sɛləret] vt. 使……加快；使……增速

【频】2

【例】TPO32 L3 Deforestation was occurring at a rapid rate. And it was accelerated by the smoke from the burning ore. Big clouds of sulfuric smoke, which was toxic to the trees.

【衍】n. acceleration 加速，加速度；accelerator 油门；催化剂；加速装置；

accelerometer [航][物] 加速计；

 

transparent [træns'pærənt] adj. 透明的

【频】2

【例】TPO23 L2 Well, high thin clouds contribute to heating while low thick clouds cool Earth. High thin clouds are very transparent to solar radiation, like, uh, clear air. So they mostly transmit incoming solar energy down to Earth.

 

impetus ['ɪmpɪtəs] n. 动力；冲力

【频】1

【例】TPO6 L4 So it’s only logical to hypothesize that a lot of these people migrated to the Nile valley when they realized that this was more than a temporary drought. And some people take this a step further. And that’s okay, that’s science and they hypothesize that this migration actually provided an important impetus in the development of ancient Egypt.

 

shrink [ʃrɪŋk] n.收缩；vi. .收缩

【频】1

【例】TPO 17 L4 If the muscles are relaxed, the sack shrinks, and all you see is a little white point. But if the muscle’s contract, then the sack expands, and you can see the colors. And by expanding different combinations.

 

clutter ['klʌtə] n. 杂乱，混乱

【频】1

【例】TPO7 L2 A sophisticated radar system can ignore echoes from stationary objects on the ground. Radar does this to remove ground clutter, information about hills or buildings that it doesn’t need.

 

resonate ['rez(ə)neɪt] vt. 共鸣；共振

【频】1

【例】TPO14 L4 Well，I imagine you have all blown air over the top of an empty bottle and heard the sound it makes. And you’ve probably noticed that depending on its size--- each empty bottle plays one particular musical note. Or as a physicist might put it, each bottle resonates at a particular frequency.

【衍】adj. resonant 洪亮的，共振的；共鸣的；

n. resonance [力] 共振；共鸣；

n. resonator [声] 共鸣器，共鸣体；共振器

 

electricity[ɪ'lɛk'trɪsəti] n. 电力；电流；

【频】1

【例】TPO34 L2 The hydrogen and methane gases are captured and can be burned to produce electricity, which saves a lot of money and ultimately decreases our need for fuels like petroleum and coal, which are not only expensive but are also polluting.

【衍】adj. electric 电的；电动的；导电的； electrical 有关电的；电气科学的；

 

amplifier ['æmplɪfaɪɚ] n. 放大器，扩大器；扩音器

【频】1

【例】TPO30 l4 These early electric guitars were hollow and these early amplifiers caused vibrations in the bodies of the instruments. So as the sound got louder, it became more distorted, fuzzy-sounding.

【衍】n. amplification [电子] 放大（率）；扩大；v. amplify 放大，扩大；增强；

 

relativity [,rɛlə'tɪvəti] n. 相对论；相关性；相对性

【频】1

【例】TPO23 L1 My colleague mentioned how the theory of relativity completely changed the field of physics. At any rates, that conversation got me thinking about archaeological finds that really changed our understanding of ancient civilizations.

【衍】adj. relative 相对的；有关系的；成比例的；

 

magnify ['mæɡnɪfaɪ] vt. 放大；夸大

【频】1

【例】TPO3 L4 If you really magnify the spectrum of the sunlight, you could identify more than 100,000 of them. They may look like kind of randomly placed, but they actually form many distinct patterns.

【衍】n.magnification 放大；放大率；放大的复制品；

magnifier [光] 放大镜；[电子] 放大器；

 

2． Literature

Literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə] n. 文学

【频】5

【例】TPO 4 L2 Before I was a literature professor, I was an accountant.

 

poem ['pəuｪm] n. 诗 

【频】5

【例】TPO 13 L3 I thought poems were shorter, these were more like long stories.

【衍】 Poetry n. 诗歌艺术，Poet n. 诗人

 

novel [ˈnɑːvl] n. 小说

【频】2

【例】TPO 27 L4 He wrote many famous novels, plays, poems.

【衍】Novelist n. 小说家

 

fiction ['fɪkʃən] n. 小说

【频】2   

【例】TPO 3 L2 In fact, Painleve was known for saying that science is fiction.

【衍】Fictional a. 虚构的、小说的

 

Fairy tale 童话故事

【频】3

【例】TPO 5 L4 With fairy tales, the location is generally unspecified.

 

character ['kærəktə] n. 角色

【频】3

【例】TPO 5 L4 But all the other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience.

 

plot [plɑt] n. 情节

【频】3

【例】TPO 5 L4 Not the plot, the details of what happens in the story would remain constant.

 

Drama ['drɑmə] n. 戏剧

【频】2  

【例】TPO 7 L1 We first need to look at an early form of drama known as the well-made play, beginning with some early 19^th century comedies in France proved very successful commercially.

【衍】Comedy n. 喜剧

 

Folk tale 民间故事

【频】2

【例】TPO 5 L4 They seem to be less realistic than folk tales.

version ['vɜːʃ(ə)n] n. 版本

【频】1

【例】 TPO 5 L4 Every storyteller might have had a slightly different version of the same folk tale.

 

essay ['esei] n. 散文

【频】1

【例】TPO 4 L2 You will be reading one of Emerson’s best-known essays.

 

sketch [sketʃ] n. 素描，梗概

【频】1

【例】TPO 6 L3 While writing character sketches, do think about details.

 

stereotype ['steriətaip] n. 刻板印象

【频】1

【例】TPO 6 L3 Don’t make your character into a stereotype.

 

cliche ['kli:ʃei] n. 陈词滥调

【频】1

【例】TPO 6 L3 Be careful not to make him into the cliche of the ragged mountain dweller.

 

Medieval [,midɪ'ivəl] a. 中世纪的

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 The two poems we are looking at today fall into the category of medieval times.

 

rhythm ['riðəm] n. 节奏，韵律

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 It’s written to make the audience have some kinds of predictable rhythm.

 

Heroic deeds 英雄事迹

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 They were written to describe the heroic deeds or actions of warriors.

 

nobility [no'bɪləti] n. 贵族

【频】1

【例】TPO13 L3 They were written for the knights and the nobility that they served.

 

minstrel ['mɪnstrəl] n. 吟游诗人

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 The poems were songs performed by a minstrel, singer who traveled from castle to castle.

 

patriotic [peitri'ɔtik] a. 爱国的

【频】1  

【例】TPO 13 L3 Hearing the songs probably made them feel more patriotic. 

【衍】Patriot n. 爱国者 Patriotism n. 爱国主义

 

troubadour ['trubədɔr] n. 行吟诗人

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 Many troubadour were able to make a living being full time poets.

 

biographical [,baiə'græfikl] a. 传记的

【频】1

【例】TPO 13 L3 They often had small biographical sketches added to their poems.

【衍】Biography n. 传记，Autobiography n. 自传

 

Folk legend 民间传说

【频】1

【例】TPO 20 L3 Like folk legends, they have been passed down orally.

 

playwright ['pleirait] n. 剧作家

【频】1

【例】 TPO 7 L1 This became so popular that the playwright almost had to include it in every play.

 

denouement [deinu'maŋ] n. 结局

【频】1

【例】TPO 7 L1 But the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion.

 

3. Life Science

3.1.Zoology 动物学

biology [baɪ'ɔlədʒi] n. 生物学

【频】59

【例】TPO1 L4 Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

【衍】microbiology [ˏmaɪkrobaɪ'ɔlədʒi] n. 微生物学

 

marine biology 海洋生物学

【频】44

【例】TPO31 C2 I am pretty sure those other students are doing the internship at the center's aquarium,taking classes in marine biology and then teaching visitors about the various displays.

【衍】entomology [ˏentə'mɔlədʒi] n. 昆虫学，ornithology [ˏɔrnɪ'θɔlədʒi] n. 鸟类学，cell biology [sel-bai'ɔlədʒi] n. 细胞生物学，biochemist ['baiəu'kemist] n. 生物化学家

 

reptile ['reptail] n. 爬行动物

【频】18

【例】TPO14 L2 A lot of reptiles use burrows or stay under rocks to cool down.

【衍】amphibian [æm'fibiən] n. 两栖动物

 

paleontologist ['peiliɔn'tɔlədʒist] n. 古生物学者

【频】12

【例】TPO30 L2 Many paleontologists, myself included, have wondered about other similarities between dinosaurs and birds.

 

creature ['kri:tʃə] n. 生物

【频】10

【例】TPO17 L4 And that's the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.

 

organism ['ɔ:gənizəm] n. 有机物，微生物

【频】8

【例】TPO14 L2 If someone on a hike knocks a couple of rocks over, they could be unwittingly destroying a microclimate that an animal or organism relies on.

 

plankton ['plæŋktən] n. 浮游生物

【频】8

【例】TPO31 L3 Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that grow in the ocean.

 

invertebrate [in'və:tibrət] n. 无脊椎动物

【频】7

【例】TPO25 L1 People aren't even required to seek permits to move plants or invertebrate animals around as long as they are not classified as pests.

【衍】vertebrate ['və:təbrɪt] n. 脊椎动物

 

herbivore ['hə:biˏvɔ:] n. 食草动物

【频】5

【例】TPO3 L3 Most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores.

【衍】herbivorous [hə:'bivərəs] a. 食草的、草食的，carnivore ['kɑrnɪvɔr] n. 食肉动物，omnivorous [am'nivərəs] a. 杂食的

 

mollusk ['mɔləsk] n. 软体动物

【频】5

【例】TPO3 L2 He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music.

【衍】ruminant ['ru:minənt] n. 反刍动物，land creature 陆地生物

 

cold blood animal 冷血动物

【频】4

【例】TPO14 L2 So cold blood animals, like reptiles, they can't control their own body temperature, so I can image the effect of microclimate would have on them.

【衍】warm blood animal暖血动物

 

mammal ['mæməl] n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物

【频】4

【例】TPO10 L1 Ambulocetus is a mammal that shows a sort of bridge between walking on land and swimming.

【衍】primate ['praɪmɪts] n. 灵长目动物

 

breed [bri:d] v. 养育，繁殖n. 品种

【频】2

【例】TPO6 L1 Tulips were beginning to show up in different colors as growers tried to breed them specifically for colors which would make them even more valuable.

 

community [kə'mjunɪti] n. 动物的群落或人的部落

【频】2

【例】TPO15 L4 We've been talking till now about the two basic needs of a biological community – an energy source to produce organic materials.

 

herd [hɝd] n. 兽群

【频】1

【例】TPO22 L1 But when you have a large population, well, the whole population can’t just get up and move to follow a wild herd of animals.

【衍】flock [flɔk] n.（牛、羊等）群，hordes/swarms [hɔrd]/[swɔrm]（昆虫等）群

 

weather ['weðə] n. 天气

【频】1

【例】TPO1 L4 The Olympic marmots inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains where the weather conditions are much harsher.

 

climate ['klaimit] n.气候

【频】1

【例】TPO15 L2 Because the climate changed, the types of plants and animals hanged also.

 

microclimate ['maikrəuˏklaimit] n. 小气候

【频】1

【例】TPO14Ll2 A microclimate is a group of climate conditions that affect the localized area, weather features like temperature, wind, moisture and so on.

 

harsh [hɑ:ʃə] a.（气候）恶劣的

【频】1

【例】TPO11 L2 The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out might blow away in the harsh weather.

 

primitive ['primitiv] a. 原始的

【频】1

【例】TPO5 L2 So are you saying there might be primitive life on the moon?

 

hibernation [ˏhaibə'neiʃən] n. 冬眠

【频】1

【例】TPO1 L4 Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins.

 

burrow ['bʌrəu] n. 洞穴 v. 掘洞穴, 掘, 打洞

【频】1

【例】TPO9 L4 They're a type of rodent who, who burrow in the ground in the grasslands of the western United States and Mexico.

 

territorial [ˏteri'tɔ:riəl] a. 领地的

【频】1

【例】TPO1 L4 They are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots.

 

考过的动物：

 

whale [hweil] n. 鲸鱼

【频】38

【例】TPO10 L1 Because until recently there was no fossil record of what we call “"the missing link"- that is evidence of species that show the transition between land-dwelling mammals and today's whales.

 

coral ['kɔrəl] n. 珊瑚

【频】38

【例】TPO27 L1 So we have been fairly thorough in our discussion about coral reefs, which of course are prominent, oceanic features made of hard limestone skeletons produced by tiny coral animals.

 

snake [sneik] n. 蛇

【频】37

【例】TPO14 L2 Some snakes will search out a place under rocks of a specific thickness, because too thin a rock doesn't keep them cool enough, and too thick a rock will cause them to get too cold.

 

dinosaur ['dainəsɔ:] n. 恐龙

【频】31

【例】TPO22 L3 A mass extinction as when numerous species become extinct over a very short time period, short, geologically speaking that is, like when the dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago.

bear [bɛə] n. 熊 v. 忍受，承受

【频】29

【例】TPO3 L3 These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate. There's no evidence of people ever living here. Cave bears, yes, but not humans.

 

beaver ['bi:və] n. 海狸

【频】27

【例】TPO13 L2 Beavers live near streams and rivers and they block up the streams

and rivers with like logs and sticks and mud.

 

dolphin ['dɔlfin] n. 海豚

【频】23

【例】TPO23 L3 Most of the fat that you find in an animal's body is used for storing energy, but this fat, which you find in dolphins, and only in the melon and around the lower jaw.

 

bat [bæt] n. 蝙蝠

【频】21

【例】TPO7 L2 Well, bats, since they are all blind, bats have to use sound for, you know, to keep from flying into things.

 

starfish ['stɑrˏfɪʃ] n. 海星

【频】20

【例】TPO31 L3 There are fish and snails that eat starfish, particularly the giant triton snail, which is the main predator of the starfish.

 

frog [frɔg] n. 青蛙

【频】20

【例】TPO18 L4 Now the wood frog's not that easy tosspot since it stays pretty to close to the ground, under leaves and things and it blends in really well with its background as you can see.

 

marmot ['mɑ:mət] n. 土拨鼠

【频】19

【例】TPO1 L4 And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies.

 

humming bird ['hʌmiŋbə:d] n. 蜂鸟

【频】16

【例】TPO3 L1 Now you know a humming bird is amazingly small, but even though it's really tiny, it migrates over very long distances, travels up and down the western hemisphere – the Americas, back and forth between where it breeds in the summer and the warmer climates where it spends the winter.

 

octopus ['ɔktəpəs] n. 章鱼

【频】16

【例】TPO17 L4 The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?   

 

venomous snake ['venəməs][sneik] n. 有毒的蛇

【频】12

【例】TPO21 L3 As the different families of venomous snakes evolved, the teeth moved forward, becoming larger, and the venom becoming stronger, so the evolution of the obvious venomous snakes, like cobras and vipers, is about the evolution of an efficient delivery system, not so much the evolution of the venom itself.

 

elephant ['elifənt] n. 大象

【频】12

【例】TPO6 L4 Anyway, it's this fossilized pollen along with the aquifers and the rock paintings, these three things are all evidence that the Sahara was once much greener than it is today, that there were hippos and probably elephants and giraffes and so on.

 

jellyfish ['dʒelifiʃ] n. 水母

【频】12

【例】TPO26 C2 Some jellyfish produce bright flashes of light that confuse predators, to, uh, to startle them．

 

wolf [wulf] n. 狼

【频】11

【例】TPO25 L4 Like wolves, the young pups, they fight a lot and bite, you know, not to hurt each other, but ... It just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that. It gives them practice with skills that will make them better hunters or fighters as adults.

 

alligator ['æligeitə]= crocodile ['krɔkədail] n. 鳄鱼

【频】11

【例】TPO24 L1 This is true of the whole crocodile family, which includes crocodiles themselves, alligators, etc.

 

mammoth ['mæməθ] n. 猛犸象，长毛象

【频】10

【例】TPO17 L1 This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood, and it was carved from ivory, robably a mammoth's tusk.

 

cattle ['kætl] n. 牛

【频】9

【例】TPO31 L4 Since sheep and cattle can't survive harsh climates, they needed to be taken south every winter.

 

colubrid ['kɔləbrɪd] n. 无毒蛇类

【频】7

【例】TPO21 L3 Another family of snakes, the colubrids, don't really fit neatly into either category though. Colubrids, and you probably learned this too, although they are often classified as venomous snakes, they are actually generally non-venomous.

 

rabbit ['ræbit] n. 兔子

【频】6

【例】TPO20 L4 Although I probably should mention that technically a hare is not exactly the same as a rabbit, even though it is very similar .

 

squirrel ['skwirəl] n. 松鼠

【频】6

【例】TPO14 L2 There is a species of squirrel, in the Western part of the United States that can get really hot

when they were out foraging for food.

 

snail [sneil] n. 蜗牛

【频】5

【例】TPO27 L1 Well all of these creatures feed on snails, worms and other organisms that eat coral.

 

cheetah ['tʃitə] n. 猎豹

【频】5

【例】TPO22 L3 When the American cheetahs disappeared, their influence on the evolution of pronghorn and presumably on other prey animals stopped.

 

antelope ['æntɪlop] n. 羚羊

【频】4

【例】TPO22 L3 So it is conceivable that the pronghorn antelope would have continued to evolve, get faster maybe, if the cheetahs were still around.

 

lizard ['lizəd] n. 蜥蜴

【频】4

【例】TPO21 L3 Professor Probably back in some previous biology course you learned that snakes evolved from lizards, and that the first snakes weren't venomous and then along came more advanced snakes, the venomous snakes.

 

crow [krəu] n. 乌鸦

【频】4

【例】TPO28 L2 Corvids include ravens, jays, crows and magpies among others.

 

pigeon ['pidʒin] n. 鸽子

【频】2

【例】TPO28 L2 So these researchers basically trained some pigeons to pass the mirror mark test.

 

hippopotamuse [ˏhipə'pɔtəməs] n. 河马

【频】2

【例】TPO6 L4 And what I find particularly interesting... amazing really, what really indicates how undesert-like the Sahara was thousands of years ago, was something painted on the rock, prehistoric art, hippopotamuses, as you know hippos need a lot of water and hence?

【衍】hippo ['hipəu] n. 河马

 

rodent ['rəudənt] n. 啮齿动物

【频】2

【例】TPO9 L4 Prairie dogs are not actually dogs. They're a type of rodent who, who burrow in the ground in the grasslands of the western United States and Mexico.

 

beast [bist] n. 野兽

【频】2

【例】TPO4 L3 Between 11,000 and 10,000 B.C.E., North America was populated by a wide variety of great beasts, like mammoth and mastodons, both elephant-like creatures with big tusks, and camels, giant sloths, the list goes on.

 

bison ['baisn] n. 美洲野牛

【频】2

【例】TPO3 L3 Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted.

 

camel ['kæməl] n. 骆驼

【频】2

【例】TPO22 L3 So, as a way of repairing some of that damage, a group of conservation biologists has proposed an ambitious, or some might say, a radical plan, involving large vertebrates, or , megafauna. Megafauna include elephants, wild horses, big cats, camels, large animals.

 

hawk [hɔ:k] n. 鹰

【频】1

【例】TPO9 L4 Prairie dogs may be able to tell you about a hawk that's circling overhead right now, but they never show any inclination to describe the one they saw last week.

【衍】eagle ['i:gl] n. 鹰，owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰

 

songbird ['sɔŋbə:d] n. 鸣禽

【频】1

【例】TPO8 L1 The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in North America.

 

clam [klæm] n. 蛤

【频】1

【例】TPO9 L3 Interestingly, there are clams and snail shells; but, no fossils of fish. We're not sure why. Maybe there was a problem with the water.

 

rhinocero [rai'nɔsərəs] n. 犀牛

【频】1

【例】TPO3 L3 But earlier at Chauvet, there is a significant interest in large dangerous animals, lots of rhinoceros, lions, mammoth, bears.

 

deer [diə] n. 鹿

【频】1

【例】TPO3 L3 Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted.

 

buffalo ['bʌfələu] n. 水牛

【频】1

【例】TPO9 L3 At older lake sites, there's fossil remains from hippopotamuses, water buffalo, animals that spend much of their lives standing in water, and also, fossils of cattle.

 

sponge [sloθ] n. 海绵

【频】1

【例】TPO13 L2 Think of wetlands as, Umm, like a giant sponge, the earth soaks up a lot of this water that's continually flooding the surface, which increases the amount of water below.

 

insect ['insekt] n. 昆虫

【频】1

【例】TPO25 L1 The cane toad was introduced back in 1935 to control an insect pest that was destroying Australia's sugarcane plantations.

【衍】bug [bʌɡ] n. 虫子，worm [wɝm] n. 虫/蠕虫，caterpillar ['kætəpilə] n. 毛虫，pest [pest] n. 害虫

 

moth [mɔθ] n. 飞蛾

【频】1

【例】TPO21 L2 When they examined it, they found a five-centimeter long moth caught in there.

 

butterfly ['bʌtəflai] n. 蝴蝶

【频】1

【例】TPO19 C1 Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that have come to look like poisonous ones.

 

rat [ræt] n. 鼠

【频】1

【例】TPO6 L2 Then there's a kind of rat that likes to feed on the seeds as well.

【衍】mouse [maus]（复数mice）n. 鼠

 

3.2 Animal Behavior 动物行为

 

habitat ['hæbitæt] n. 息地

【频】51

【例】TPO33 L3 The species migrated into different habitats throughout the southern ocean.

 

predator ['predətə] n. 捕食者

【频】36

【例】TPO11 L1 Because if the predator doesn’t know you are there, it is not going to try to eat you.

 

spread [spred] v. 扩散，传播

【频】28

【例】TPO26 L3 And some of the ice vaporizes into gas and spreads out from the nucleus.

 

active [æktiv] a. 主动的

【频】16

【例】TPO8 L1 With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed.

 

prey [prei] n. 被捕食者

【频】14

【例】TPO17 L4 The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?

 

reproduce [ˏri:prə'dju:s] v. 繁殖

【频】12

【例】TPO5 L1 But the alligators would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where they started reproducing, grew to huge sizes and now strike fear into sewer workers.

 

shield [ʃi:ld] v. 防御，保护 n. 盾

【频】11

【例】TPO24 L4 They are called shield volcanoes, because viewed from above, they kind of resemble shields, you know, like a warrior's shield.

 

forage ['fɔridʒ] v. 觅食

【频】10

【例】TPO14 L2 For instance, there is a species of squirrel, in the Western part of the United States that can get really hot when they were out foraging for food.

 

flexible ['fleksəbl] adj. 柔韧的

【频】9

【例】TPO25 L4 Apparently, it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible, a brain that's quickly able to get a handle on unfamiliar situations.

 

stretch [stretʃ] n. 伸展

【频】8

【例】TPO15 L3 And the material typically used for the pages was parchment, which is animal skin that stretched and dried under tension.

 

grooming ['gru:miŋ] n. 整理（羽毛）

【频】8

【例】TPO4 L1 So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the straightening of its feathers, seems to be an irrelevant behavior.

 

circumstance ['sə:kəmstəns] = environment [in'vaiərənmənt] n. 环境

【频】6

【例】TPO19 C1 Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances.

 

domesticate [də'mɛstɪˏket] v. 驯养

【频】6

【例】TPO22 L1 They usually hunt together and forage whatever foods are available to them, instead of domesticating animals and planting crops.

 

offspring ['ɔfˏspriŋ] n. 后代

【频】6

【例】TPO1 L4 Then about six to eight weeks after birth, the offspring leave their mothers.

 

eliminate [i'limineit] v. 除去

【频】5

【例】TPO22 L3 Since the Stone Age, humans have been eliminating species and altering ecosystems with astounding speed.

 

passive ['pæsiv] a. 被动的

【频】4

【例】TPO12 L4 Passive systems take advantage of the location or design of a house.

 

hatchling ['hætʃliŋ] n. 刚孵化的幼体

【频】4

【例】TPO24 L1 Let's see. New-born crocodiles, or hatchlings and their interactions with their mothers.

 

communal ['kɔmjunl] adj. 群居的

【频】3

【例】TPO5 L4 By communal, we mean they reflect the traits and the concerns of a particular community at a particular time.

 

nomadic [nəʊ'mædɪk] adj. 游牧的；流浪的

【频】3

【例】TPO22 L1 In order to efficiently take advantage of the wild foods available, bands are often nomadic and move around following herds of animals.

 

diving ['daɪvɪŋ] n. 潜水 / 跳水

【频】3

【例】TPO25 C2 When a whale dives, its metabolic rate drops, causing its heartbeat to slow down.

 

mate [meit] n. 交配

【频】3

【例】TPO1 L4 They reside throughout the eastern region of North America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating.

 

stimulus ['stimjuləs] n. 刺激

【频】3

【例】TPO10 L4 Of course he didn’t claim that infants don’t have any sort of memory, it is acknowledged that they can recognize some stimuli, like faces.

 

pursue [pə'sju:] v. 追捕, 追击

【频】3

【例】TPO21 C2 This way, you’ll find out if marketing is something you really want to pursue.

 

recreate ['rekrieit] v. 再建（栖息地）

【频】2

【例】TPO8 L1 So conservationists tried to recreate a new habitat for them.

 

solitary ['sɔlɪtərɪ] adj. 独居

【频】2

【例】TPO24 L1 Now, we tend to think of crocodiles as, uh, kind of solitary, hiding out in a swamp, uh, kind of mysterious creatures.  

 

hibernate ['haɪbɚnet] n. 冬眠；蛰伏

【频】2

【例】TPO1 L4 And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies.

 

camouflage ['kæməflɑːʒ] v. 伪装，掩饰，保护

【频】2

【例】TPO8 L1 It blends in with the sand, so it’s well-camouflaged from predator birds above.

 

incubate ['inkjə'beit] v. 孵化

【频】1

【例】TPO30 L2 Well, some reptiles incubate their eggs, crocodiles do.

 

fledgling ['fledʒliŋ] n. 雏鸟

【频】1

【例】TPO8 L1 So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nests are really vulnerable.

 

3.3 Physiology 生理生化

nutrient ['nju:triənt] n. 营养物质

【频】22

【例】TPO25 L1 Like a non-native plant that chokes out native plants by hogging the nutrients in the soil.

 

protein ['prəuti:n] n. 蛋白质

【频】15

【例】TPO21 L3 The researchers study the proteins in the venom genes of various species of colubrids.

 

organ ['ɔ:gən] n. 器官

【频】12

【例】TPO12 L1 And in the cells of the human body itself, in the cells of every organ, of almost every type of tissues in the body, the same thing will happen eventually.

 

wing [wiŋ] n. 翅膀

【频】10

【例】TPO11 L1 And in a broken wing display the bird spreads and drags the wings or its tail, and while it does that, it slowly moves away from the nests so it really looks like a bird with a broken wing.

 

tissue ['tiʃu:] n. 组织

【频】8

【例】TPO23 L3 The melon is kind of a large sac-like pouch, made up of fat tissue.

 

feather ['feðə] n. 羽毛

【频】8

【例】TPO11 L1 And then it raises its feathers, so it looks like it got a coat of fur.

 

toxic ['tɔksik] a. 有毒的

【频】8

【例】TPO21 L3 The researchers study the proteins in the venom genes of various species of colubrids. Emm... snake venom is a mixture of proteins, some toxic, poisonous, and some not.

【衍】toxin ['tɔksɪn] n. 毒素，virus ['vaiərəs] n. 病毒

 

tail [teil] n. 尾

【频】7

【例】TPO10 L1 It also had a long thin tail, typical of mammals, something we don’t see in today’s whales.

 

breed [brid] n. 品种；v. 繁殖

【频】6

【例】TPO8 L1 With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed.

 

offspring ['ɔfˏspriŋ] n. 后代

【频】6

【例】TPO8 L1 The older, more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have an impact on the number of chicks they have.

 

fertilizer ['fɚtlˏaɪzɚ] n. 肥料

【频】6

【例】TPO10 L3 They mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers.

 

fungus ['fʌŋgəs] n. 真菌类

【频】5

【例】TPO25 L1 Like animals that eat a certain plant and that plant relies on a certain fungus to help it get nutrients from soil and on a certain insect for pollination.

【衍】（复）fungi ['fʌndʒai]

 

jaw [dʒɔ:] n. 颌, 颚

【频】5

【例】TPO23 L3 Most of the fat that you find in an animal's body is used for storing energy, but this fat, which you find in dolphins, and only in the melon and around the lower jaw.

 

stomach ['stʌmək] n. 胃

【频】5

【例】TPO27 L3 They had enormous stomach capacity, the ability to digest food over a long period, converting it to energy at a slower pace, saving it for later.

【衍】pancreas['pæŋkrɪəs] n. 胰

 

vessel ['vesəl] n. 血管

【频】4

【例】TPO7 L3 Since the northeast region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential.

 

hatchling ['hætʃliŋ] n. 刚孵化的幼体

【频】4

【例】TPO24 L1 New-born crocodiles, or hatchlings and their interactions with their mothers.

 

division [di'viʒən] n. 部分

【频】4

【例】TPO12 L1 So after each division, the telomere gets shorter and one of the things that may happen after a while is that pieces of the genes themselves get broken off the Chromosomes.

 

circulatory ['sɝkjələtɔri]system 循环系统

【频】2

【例】TPO18 L4 Slower and slower but…and in those last few hours before it freezes, it distributes glucose, a blood sugar throughout its body, its circulatory system, sort of acts like an an antifreeze.

【衍】hormonal [hɔr'monl] system内分泌系统

 

nucleus ['nju:kliəs] n. 核心，细胞核

【频】2

【例】TPO26 L3 You remember from our previous discussion that a comet's nucleus ,its core, is made up of ice and dust, like a frozen snowball.

【衍】cell [sel] n. 细胞.蜂房 ，cytoplasm ['saitəplæzəm] n. 细胞质 ，cell membrane [sel-'mem'brein] n. 细胞膜， cell wall [sel-wɔːl] n. 细胞壁 ，organelle [ɔ:ɡə'nel] n. 细胞器

 

skin cell [skin] [sel] n. 皮肤细胞

【频】2

【例】TPO12 L1 And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells of whatever because of these chemical, telomerase can keep the telomere on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.

 

nerve cell [nə:v] [sel] n. 神经细胞

【频】2

【例】TPO12 L1 Some cells, like nerve cells, only divide seven to nine times in their total life. Others, like skin cells, will divide many, many more times.

【衍】unicellular ['ju:ni'seljulə] adj. 单细胞的 multicellular ['mʌlti'seljulə] adj. 多细胞的

 

scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞；比例，比率

【频】2

【例】TPO12 L4 Does that mean that solar energy can only be used on a small scale, like heating a home?

【衍】fin [fin] n .鱼鳍

 

skeletal ['skelitəl] adj. 骨骼的

【频】2

【例】TPO10 L1 It also had a long thin tail, typical of mammals, something we don't see in today's whales. But, it also had a long skeletal structure. And that long skeletal structure suggests that it was aquatic.

 

calorie ['kæləri] n. 卡路里（热量单位）

【频】2

【例】TPO19 C2 You can also find some charts listing fat and calorie content for different types of seafood, meat and the other major food groups.   

 

glucose ['ɡlu:kəus] n. 葡萄糖

【频】2

【例】TPO18 L4 In frogs, the extra glucose makes it harder for the winter inside the cells to freeze.

【衍】carbohydrate (starch) [ˏkɑːbəu'haɪdreɪt] n. 碳水化合物（淀粉）

 

sperm [spə:m] n. 精子

【频】1

【例】TPO10 L1 We assumed that all whales that had teeth including sperm whales and killer whales were closely related to one another.

【衍】fertilize ['fɚtlaɪz] v. 使…受精，unfertilized egg [ʌn'fɜːtɪlaɪzd] n. 未受精卵，fertilized egg ['fə:tilaizd-eg] n. 受精卵，pregnant ['pregnənt] a. 怀孕的，embryo ['embriəu] n. 胚胎

 

spawn [spɔn] v.（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵

【频】1

【例】TPO31 L3 One hypothesis is that it's a natural phenomenon, that the starfish naturally undergo population fluctuations following particularly good spawning years.

 

anatomy [ə'nætəmi] n. 人体解剖

【频】1

【例】TPO27 L3 We are trying to understand the biology of sauropods, comparing their fossils to the anatomy of modern animals to get a better idea of how they lived.

 

multiply / reproduce ['mʌltɪplaɪ]/[ˏriprə'dus] 繁殖；乘

【频】1

【例】TPO2 L4 Multiplying by 2? Right. I'm doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I'm going to write after 24 would be...

 

fledgling ['fledʒliŋ] n. 雏鸟

【频】1

【例】TPO8 L1 So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nests are really vulnerable.

 

liver ['livə] n. 肝脏

【频】1

【例】TPO18 L4 That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, liver, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

【衍】lung [lʌŋ] n. 肺

 

kidney ['kidni] n. 肾

【频】1

【例】TPO25 C2 And the blood flow to its muscles and some of its non-vital organs, like its kidneys, is also cut off.

 

rib [rib] n. 肋骨

【频】1

【例】TPO1 L3 They ended up with a layer of black soot on them, and so did people's lungs. The bones found in the graves show a layer of soot on the inside of the ribs.

 

fingerprint ['fiŋgəˏprint] n. 指纹

【频】1

【例】TPO3 L4 And a unique pattern, kind of like a chemical fingerprint of spectral lines for that element appears.

 

beak [bi:k] n. 喙，（鹰等的）嘴

【频】1

【例】TPO4 L1 For example, there's a bird, the "wood thrush", anyway, when the "wood thrush" is in an attack-escape conflict, that is, it's caught between the two urges to escape from or to attack an enemy, if it's sitting on a horizontal branch, it'll wipe its beak on its perch.

 

limb [lim] n. 肢，臂；分支

【频】1

【例】TPO10 L1 The name Ambulocetus natans comes from Latin of course, and means "walking whale that swims". It clearly had four limbs that could have been used for walking.

 

vitamin ['vitəmin] n. 维生素，维他命

【频】1

【例】TPO10 L2 Because potatoes have the ability to provide an abundant and extremely nutritious food crop, no other crop grew in North Europe at the time had anything like the number of vitamins contained in potatoes.

 

3.4 Botany 植物学

forest ['fɔrist] n. 森林

【频】48

【例】TPO6 L2 They grow in a rain forest, in a mountain rage…range in the north part of New South Wales which is uh… a state in Australia.

【衍】jungle ['dʒʌŋgəl] n. 热带丛林，tropical rain forest ['trɔpikl-rein-'fɔrist] n. 热带雨林，Tropical savanna forest ['trɔpikl-sə'vænə-'fɔrist] n. 热带稀树草原，deciduous forest [di'sidʒuəs-'fɔrist] n. 落叶林，Deciduous monsoon forest [di'sidʒuəs-mɔn'su:n-'fɔrist] n. 落叶季雨林，Temperate rain forest ['tempərit-rein-'fɔrist] n. 温带雨林，Temperate evergreen forest ['tempərit-'evəɡri:n-'fɔrist] n. 温带绿叶林

 

shrub [ʃrʌb] n. 灌木丛

【频】31

【例】TPO8 L1 They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees.

【衍】bush [brʌʃ] n. 灌木，灌木丛

 

bark [bɑrk] n. 树皮

【频】28

【例】TPO7 L3 They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form light-weight yet sturdy canoes.

 

leaf [li:f] n. 叶子（pl. leaves）

【频】23

【例】TPO18 L4 Now the wood frog’s not that easy tosspot since it stays pretty to close to the ground, under leaves and things and it blends in really well with its background as you can see.

【衍】leaflet ['liflət] n. 小叶

 

absorb [əb'sɔ:b] v. 吸收

【频】22

【例】TPO5 L3 All substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength of light they absorb and which ones they reflect.

 

branch [bræntʃ] n. 树枝

【频】17

【例】TPO7 L3 The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin.

 

seed [si:d] n. 种子

【频】16

【例】TPO6 L2 If their seeds remain locked inside their shell, they will not germinate.

 

marsh [mɑ:ʃ] n. 沼泽；湿地

【频】15

【例】TPO11 L3 Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for large part of the year.

 

prairie ['preəri] n. 大草原；牧场

【频】12

【例】TPO22 L3 But winters on the prairie can still get pretty harsh today.

【衍】ranch [rɑ:ntʃ] n. 大农场；大牧场

 

photosynthesis [ˏfəutəu'sinθəsis] n. 光合作用

【频】11

【例】TPO26 L2 The carbon that these diatoms use in photosynthesis is transferred to other parts of the ocean when the diatoms are eaten, say, by a fish that absorbs the carbon and then swims to another part of the ocean, or when diatoms die and fall to the ocean floor.

【衍】photolysis [fəu'tɔlisis] n. 光解作用

 

grassland ['ɡrɑ:slænd] n. 草原

【频】8

【例】TPO9 L2 Shrub expansion has occurred in other environments, like semiarid grassland, and tall grass prairies.

【衍】lawn [lɔn] n. 草坪

 

pigment ['piɡmənt] n. 色素

【频】8

【例】TPO27 L4 Combining yellow and blue, you will almost never get a satisfactory green. You are better off using a pure green pigment.

 

shell [ʃɛl] n. (硬)果壳

【频】6

【例】TPO6 L2 Now this tree is a flowering tree as I showed you. It produces a fruit, much like a plum. On the inside there’s a seed with a hard shell.

 

stem [stem] n. 茎

【频】5

【例】TPO32 L1 Fortunately for archaeologists, all plants contain what are called phytoliths in their stems and leaves.

【衍】stalk [stɔk] n. 杆

 

soak [sok ʌp] v. 吸收

【频】5

【例】TPO29 L1 And without a tree to soak up moisture from the ground, the soil remains wetter than in the surrounding forest.

 

germinate ['dʒə:mineit] v. 发芽

【频】4

【例】TPO6 L2 Given all these limitations, not many seeds that the tree produces will actually germinate.

 

rhizome ['raizəum] n. 根茎，根状茎，地下茎

【频】3

【例】TPO19 L3 They have  tough  sort of underground stems called  rhizome,  rhizomes from  one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together.

 

osmosis [ɔz'məusis] n. 渗透，渗透作用

【频】3

【例】TPO19 L3 So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells, salt from the seawater enters, reverse osmosis, and this actually strengthens the cells.

 

annual ['ænjʊəl] adj. 一年一生的

【频】3

【例】TPO33 L2 The average annual flow was calculated.

 

yield [ji:ld] n. 产量v. 产出，生出

【频】3

【例】TPO1 L3And hopefully, further excavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues.

 

cluster ['klʌstəz] n. 串，簇；群，组vi. 群集，丛生

【频】2

【例】TPO6 L2 I don’t know how well you can see the flowers. They’re those little clusters sitting at the base of the leaves.

 

dehydrate [ˏdi:'haidreit] vi. 脱水

【频】2

【例】TPO14 L2 Many small mammals do, is that because of their size, sweating would make them lose too much moisture. They dehydrate.

 

barren ['bærən] a. 贫瘠的；不生育的

【频】2

【例】TPO9 L3 The "Empty Quarter" is a huge area of sand that covers about a quarter of the Arabian Peninsula. Today it's pretty desolate, barren and extremely hot.

 

trunk [trʌŋk] n. 树干

【频】2

【例】TPO33 L2 You probably know that we can determine a tree's age by counting the rings on a cross section of its trunk.

 

botany ['bɔtənɪ] n. 植物学

【频】4

【例】TPO2 L2 Listen to part of a lecture from a Botany class.

【衍】botanical / botanic [bəˋtænikl]/[ bə'tænɪk] adj. 植物学的 botanist ['bɔtənist] n. 植物学家

 

herb [hə:b] n. 草本植物

【频】2

【例】TPO18 L3 Technically speaking, a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb.

 

meadow ['medəu] n. 草地；牧场

【频】1

【例】TPO19 L3 In higher marsh areas, you are likely to find a Spartina commonly called Salt-meadow Hay.

 

flowering tree ['flauəri:iŋ] [tri:] n. 花木，

【频】1

【例】TPO6 L2 Now this tree is a flowering tree as I showed you. Um…um…it produces a fruit, much like a plum.

 

petal ['petl] n. 花瓣

【频】1

【例】TPO6 L1 Some of the most prized tulips were white with purple streaks, or red with yellow streaks on the petals, even a dark purple tulip that was very much prized.

 

bud [bʌd] n. 花蕾

【频】1

【例】TPO18 L3 Spices can come from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like cloves.

【衍】column ['kɔləm] n. 花柱，pistil ['pistil] n. 雌蕊，stamen ['steimen] n. 雄蕊

 

sprout [spraʊt] 嫩芽，抽枝

【频】1

【例】TPO33 C2 I have never liked it or most other vegetables for that matter…Brussels sprouts, asparagus, cauliflower…you name it.

 

crown [kraun] n. 树冠；冠状

【频】1

【例】TPO31 L3 So now let's focus on a specific example of a natural predator that can cause a lot of damage to coral reefs, the Crown of Thorns, or CoT starfish.

 

twig [twɪɡ] n. 小树枝

【频】1

【例】TPO20 L4 Food isn't an issue. The hare actually has abundant food in the small twigs it finds.

 

pesticide ['pestisaid] n. 农药，杀虫剂

【频】1

【例】TPO19 C2 I like the fact that organic farms don't use chemical pesticides or anything that can pollute the soil or the water.   

【衍】insecticide [in'sektisaid] n. 杀虫剂，农药

 

perennial [pə'rɛnɪəl] a. 多年一生的

【频】1

【例】TPO31 L4 And we learned that the Botai were able to build large perennial villages, sometimes with hundreds of homes.

【衍】rosette [ro'zɛt]（叶的）丛生，mutualism ['mju:tjuəlizəm] n. 共生，symbiosis [ˏsimbi'əusis] n. 共生、共生关系，symbiotic ['simbai'ɔtik] adj. 共生的

 

respiration [ˏrespə'reiʃən] n. 呼吸作用

【频】1

【例】TPO26 L2 So, take respiration．Our bodies, our cells produce carbon dioxide when they break down sugars.

 

考过的植物：

 

crop [krɔp] n. 农作物

【频】28

【例】TPO1 L3 Now they did hunt and they also raised cereal crops and kept sheep, but we don't know why so many of the paintings are of hunting scenes.

 

tulip ['tju:lip] n. 郁金香

【频】25

【例】TPO6 L1 Tulips actually hail from an area that Chinese call the Celestial Mountains in Central Asia.

 

oak [əuk] n. 橡树

【频】16

【例】TPO6 L2 Another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that it represents a very old type…uh…kind of tree that grew a hundred million years ago.

 

birch ['bə:tʃ] n. 桦树

【频】14

【例】TPO7 L3 Now, back then, their life depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree.

 

spartina [spɑ:'tainə] n. 大米草（盐滩）

【频】11

【例】TPO19 L3 The water is salty, there is little shade and the ocean tide comes in and out, constantly flooding the marsh, so the variety of plants found in salt marshes is limited, but there is a plant genus that thrives there, the Spartina.

 

grain [ɡren] n. 谷物

【频】11

【例】TPO20 L2 Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands, and as it turns out, the cultivation of certain grains creates vast areas of artificial wetlands, and probably drastically increases the amount of methane getting into the atmosphere, over and above what would be there.

 

vegetation [ˏvedʒi'teiʃən] n. 植物，植被

【频】10

【例】TPO32 L3 Well, soon the soil became so acidic that nothing could grow, nothing at all. Vegetation and wild life disappeared.

 

tomato [tə'mɑ:təu] n. 番茄

【频】8

【例】TPO10 L2 I remember my grandmother telling me that when her mother was a little girl, a lot of people still thought that tomatoes are poisonous.

 

algae ['ældʒi:] n. 藻类

【频】5

【例】TPO10 L3 In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, the Phosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae.

【衍】lichen ['laikən] n. 地衣；青苔，moss [mɔs] n. 青苔，藓类

 

wheat [wit] n. 小麦

【频】5

【例】TPO17 L3 And finally the time of the year would arrive when the valley would produce crops, such as wheat, barley, fruit, all ready to harvest.

 

rainforest ['reinfɔrist] n. 雨林

【频】3

【例】TPO6 L2 They grow in a rain forest, in a mountain rage…range in the north part of New South Wales which is uh… a state in Australia.

 

corn [kɔ:n] =maize [meiz] n. 玉米

【频】3

【例】American corn or maize, as it's often called. Now before the Europeans made contact with the Americas, they subsisted mainly on grains, grains that often suffered from crop failures.

 

onion ['ʌnjən] n. 洋葱

【频】3

【例】TPO15 C2 I was so impressed with the way you handle the microscope and the samples of onion cells, and with how carefully you observed and diagramed and interpreted each stage of cell division.

 

paleontology [ˏpæliəu'liθik] a. 古生物

【频】2

【例】TPO30 L2 Listen to part of a lecture in a paleontology class.

 

pine needle ['ni:dl] [pain] n. 松叶/松针

【频】2

【例】TPO7 L2 It turns out that bats or at least this particular species, cannot only tell that is a tree, but can also distinguish between, say, a pine tree, and a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves. And when I say, leaves, I mean pine needles too.

 

Nightshade family ['naitʃeid] ['fæməli] n. 茄科

【频】2

【例】TPO10 L2 The Nightshade family is a category of plants which also includes many that you wouldn't want to eat, like mandrake, belladonna, and even tobacco

 

pumpkin ['pʌmpkɪn] n. 南瓜

【频】2

【例】TPO1 L1 One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins.

 

deciduous tree [di'sidjuəs] a. 落叶/阔叶树

【频】1

【例】TPO7 L2 It turns out that bats or at least this particular species, cannot only tell that is a tree, but can also distinguish between, say, a pine tree, and a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves.

【衍】conifer tree ['kɔnəfɚ] n. 针叶树，softwood ['sɔftwud] n. 针叶树，evergreen [ˋєvəgri:n] n. 常青树

 

maple ['meipəl] n. 枫树

【频】1

【例】TPO7 L2 It turns out that bats or at least this particular species, cannot only tell that is a tree, but can also distinguish between, say, a pine tree, and a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves.

 

potato [pə'teitəu] n. 土豆

【频】1

【例】TPO10 L2 But what about all those Italian tomato sauces, hungarian goulash or my favorite, French fries? Those yummy fried potatoes.

 

lettuce ['lɛtɪs] n. 莴苣

【频】1

【例】TPO14 L1 Suppose I ask you to image a lunch salad, no problem, right? But I bet you imagine specific ingredients. Did yours have tomatoes, Onion, Lettuce?

 

3.5 Speciology 物种学

 

bio-diversity 生物多样性

【频】28

【例】TPO22 L3 Well, today we are witnessing a sixth mass extinction, but unlike the others, the current loss of bio-diversity can be traced to human to human activity.

 

descendant [di'sendənt] adj. 下降的；的 n. 后裔；子孙

【频】20

【例】TPO10 L1 The DNA suggests that whales are descendants of the hippopotamus.

 

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 脱氧核糖核酸

【频】19

【例】TPO10 L1 DNA is the genetic code for any organism.

 

chromosome ['krəuməsəum] n. 染色体

【频】16

【例】TPO12 L1 OK, you know that all of persons’ genetic information is contained on very long pieces of DNA called Chromosomes.

 

sequence ['si:kwənsiz] n. 序列

【频】15

【例】TPO12 L1 If you stretch them out you will find they contain certain genes, certain sequences of DNA that help to determine how the cells of the body will develop.

 

gene [dʒi:n] n. 基因，遗传因子

【频】12

【例】TPO21 L3 The researchers study the proteins in the venom genes of various species of colubrids.

 

genetic [dʒi'netik] adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的

【频】11

【例】TPO21 L3 By analyzing the DNA, the genetic material of the proteins, the researchers could focus on the toxic genes and use them to trace the evolution of snake venom, and from this, the evolution of snakes.

 

genetic code [dʒi'netik] [kəud] n. 基因代码

【频】3

【例】TPO10 L1 DNA is the genetic code for any organism.

 

genetic material [dʒi'netik-mə'tiəriəl] n. 遗传物质

【频】3

【例】TPO21 L3 By analyzing the DNA, the genetic material of the proteins, the researchers could focus on the toxic genes and use them to trace the evolution of snake venom, and from this, the evolution of snakes.

【衍】genetic engineering遗传工程

 

variation [ˏvɛrɪ'eʃən] n. 变异

【频】1

【例】TPO25 L4 Since play fighting includes variations in speed and intensity, and quick role reversals involved with self-handicapping.

【衍】mutation of species物种变异

 

amino acid [əˏmi:nəu 'æsid] n. [生化] 氨基酸

【频】1

【例】TPO30 L3 Amino acids, as you may know, are the building blocks of proteins.

 

enzyme ['enzaim] n. 酶

【频】1

【例】TPO26 L2 Different enzymes assist in different chemical reactions.

 

3.6 Ecology 生态学

 

ecology [i'kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学

【频】113

【例】TPO29 L1 Listen to part of a lecture in a plant ecology class.

 

ecologist [i:'kɔlədʒɪsts] a. 生态学家

【频】79

【例】TPO10 L3 So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like I said, Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it’s not so abundant.

 

ecological tourism [ˏekə'lɔdʒikəl] ['tuərizəm] n. 生态观光

【频】33

【例】TPO3 L1 Promoting ecological tourism is another way to help save their habitat.

 

eco-tourist 生态旅游者

【频】24

【例】TPO3 L1 As the number of visitors, eco-tourists who come to humming bird habitats to watch the birds, the more the number of visitors grows, the more local businesses profit, so ecological tourism can bring financial rewards, all the more reason to value these beautiful little creatures in their habitat.

 

ecosystem [i'kɔnəmi] n. 生态系统

【频】22

【例】TPO9 L3 Now, in a grassland of Lake Ecosystem, we'd expect to find fossils from a variety of animals, and numerous fossils have been found at least at these particular sites.

 

preserve [ˏprɛ'zɚv] n. 保护

【频】21

【例】TPO31 L4 It can be washed out when it rains or it can be released to the atmosphere,whereas phosphorus combines with calcium and iron,and can be preserved in the soil for thousands of years.

 

soil [sɔil] n. 土壤

【频】19

【例】TPO19 C2 I like the fact that organic farms don’t use chemical pesticides or anything that can pollute the soil or the water.

【衍】clay [klei] n. [土壤] 粘土；泥土

 

permafrost ['pə:məfrɔst] n. 冻土

【频】18

【例】TPO9 L2 Beneath this active layer is a second layer called "permafrost", which is frozen all year around, and is impermeable to water.

 

weathered ['weðəd] n. 风化

【频】15

【例】TPO10 L3 The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they are weathered.

 

fertilizer ['fə:tilaizəz] n. 肥料

【频】11

【例】TPO10 L3 They mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers.

 

agricultural [ægri'kʌltʃər(ə)l] a. 农业的

【频】10

【例】TPO10 L3 They mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers.

 

artificial [ˏɑ:ti'fiʃəl] adj. 人造的

【频】8

【例】TPO8 L1 They made artificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places.

 

interrelationship [ɪntərɪ`leɪʃnˏʃɪp ] n. 相互关系

【频】7

【例】TPO13 L2 The main thing to keep in mind here is the interrelationships.

 

organism ['ɔ:gənizəm] n. 生物体；有机体；微生物

【频】6

【例】TPO5 L1 All living organisms pass on biological information through the genes.

 

microbes ['maikrəubz] n. 微生物，细菌

【频】6

【例】TPO9 L2 These microbes enable the soil to have more nitrogen, which plants need to live and they remain quite active during the winter.

 

nectar ['nektə] n. 花蜜

【频】4

【例】TPO3 L1 It drinks a lot of nectar from flowers and feeds on some insects, but it’s energy-efficient too.

 

pollen ['pɔlən] n. 花粉

【频】4

【例】TPO3 L1 Without it stopping to feed and spreading pollen from flower to flower, these plants would cease to exist.

 

pollinate ['pɔləˏneɪt] v. 授粉

【频】4

【例】TPO16 L3 I mean no one really thinks that, say a bee goes through weighing the pros and cons of pollinating this flower or that flower.

 

nesting site [nestiŋ] [sait] n. 筑巢区

【频】3

【例】TPO3 L1 Their nesting sites are affected too, the same, by the same sorts of human activities.

 

trail [treil] vt. 追踪；拖 n. 痕迹，踪迹

【频】3

【例】TPO10 L1 We can believe the molecular data, the DNA, or we can believe the skeleton trail, but unfortunately, not both.

 

migrate [mai'greit] vi. 移动；使移居；使移植

【频】3

【例】TPO6 L4 So it’s only logical to hypothesize that a lot of these people migrated to the Nile valley when they realized that this was more than a temporary drought.

【衍】immigrate ['imigreit] vi. 使移居入境，emigrate ['emigreit] vi. 移居外国

 

migration route [mai'greiʃən] [ru:ts] n. 迁徙路线

【频】2

【例】TPO3 L1 But the problem, well, as natural habitat along these migration routes is developed by humans for housing or agriculture or cleared for raising cattle, for instance, there is less food available for migrating humming birds.

 

cease to exist = extinct [ik'stiŋkt] =die out 灭绝

【频】2

【例】TPO3 L1 Without it stopping to feed and spreading pollen from flower to flower, these plants would cease to exist.

 

ancestry ['ænsestri] n. 祖先

【频】2

【例】TPO19 L1 Many languages spoken all over the world today can trace their ancestry back to one language, Proto-Indo-European, which was spoken several thousand years ago.   

 

evolution [ˏi:və'lu:ʃən] n. 演变，进化

【频】2

【例】TPO21 L3 The researchers could focus on the toxic genes and use them to trace the evolution of snake venom, and from this, the evolution of snakes.

 

evolve [i'vɔlv] v. (使)演变，进化

【频】1

【例】TPO21 L3 The researchers found that venom evolved before snakes even existed, about a hundred million years before.

 

the missing link 进化缺环

【频】1

【例】TPO10 L1 Because until recently there was no fossil record of what we call “the missing link”- that is evidence of species that show the transition between land-dwelling mammals and today’s whales.

 

species ['spi:si:z] n. 物种

【频】1

【例】TPO7 L2 There are some species of bats, the ones that don't use echolocation that do rely on their vision for navigation, but it is true that for many bats, their vision is too weak to count on.

【衍】endangered species濒危动物

 

survival [sɚ'vaɪvl] n. 幸存，生存

【频】1

【例】TPO25 L1 Now, migration is a natural survival strategy.

 

extinction [ɪk'stɪŋkʃən] n. 灭绝

【频】1

【例】TPO25 L1 There's compelling evidence that global warming will be a significant driver of many plant and animal extinctions in this century.

 

mass extinction [mæs-iks'tiŋkʃən] n. 大量消亡

【频】1

【例】TPO22 L3 If you think about it though, the core problem with this sixth mass extinction is human interference.