作者：武汉新航道雅思口语组

 

    本章节的内容在评分标准当中叫做connectives and discourse markers，中文译为连接词和语篇标记词，它出现在fluency and coherence这一项，直接对应的是coherence（连贯性）。雅思口语考试要求学生use a range of connectives and discourse markers，所以学生要准确使用，否则此项得分是5，另外要变换着使用，如果学生一直说的都是besides和and，违背了换词的原则，没有实现a range of，此项得分也是5。这里特别说明一下，fluency和coherence是分开单独打分的，假如fluency得分是6，coherence得分是5，那么这一项的得分是5。

    学习连接词和语篇标记词的另外一个作用是，当考生在考试过程当中听到题目之后还没有及时地想到观点或者答题的过程当中一时不知道如何继续，可以先使用一个语篇标记词充当delayer和gap filler，这样就避免了unnatural pause，于是流利度不会被扣分。

    很多烤鸭不明白语篇标记词是什么东西，很多书籍也语焉不详或者讲的太过于深奥不好理解，这里通过中文来向大家解释。一个男生向心仪的女神示爱，他说，你知道吗，我喜欢你已经很久了。女神嫣然一笑，回应说，我觉得吧，我们还是做朋友比较合适。在这段对话中，“你知道吗”和“我觉得吧”就是典型的语篇标记词。想充分理解语篇标记词的意义和用法，往下看。                                                                                                                                                                                    

    我们按照功能列举了最常用的连接词和语篇标记词，请大家务必每一部分都多记几个。 

 

Giving more details加细节 / 递进

可用表达：

also, plus, besides, as well as that, other than that, on top of that, additionally, what’s more

注意：

上述这些表达直接用在要添加的观点之前，后面接完整的句子。其中additionally和what’s more略显正式，在Part 3这类谈论较抽象问题时使用。

例句：

I often shop at the mall because it’s just within walking distance from my home. Also, there are sales every now and then so I can get pretty good deals.

Over the past decade, he has achieved a great success in his career. Other than that, he can keep a balance between work and family.

Senior citizens are more conventional, which means they are more likely to be resistant to change. Additionally, some of them are out of touch with the world so learning a new skill might be too hard for them.

Firstly, emails are much faster and cheaper than handwritten letters. On top of that, they’re much more convenient – you can read or write emails with just a few strokes of the keyboard, without worrying about paper, envelopes and stamps and going out to mail your letters.

 

 Giving examples 举例

 

可用表达：

 

for example, for instance, as an example, to begin with

 

注意：

like和such as后面通常接几个名词性的短语或者词汇，而for example和for instance后面要跟完整句子。

当你想要说几个原因或影响或解决方案时，可以用to begin with来引出个例子。

 

例句：

Mirrors are very useful in our daily lives. For instance, you get dressed in the morning and before you leave, you can check yourself in the mirror to see if your outfit looks good.

Our ways of communication have changed so much in this decade. To begin with, we can get in touch with people much more easily with the help of internet no matter where we are compared to in the past.

 

Giving reasons 解释原因

可用表达：

because, since, for the reason that

注意：

口语考试中建议把because读作/kəz/来提高流利度。

中文当中因为和所以成对出现，英文里面because或者since和so却水火不容，只可以使用其中一个。

for the reason that用于句中而非句首，后接同位语从句，准确使用可以提高grammatical range。

例句：

Personally, it’s not a good idea to study on the computer since distractions such as news and funny videos are just a click away.

More and more people flock to big cities for the reason that there are more job opportunities to better their lives.

Online shopping is so prevalent in China these days. One of the reasons is that the websites provide shoppers with a huge collection of various goods at more appealing prices.

 

Talking about the result 谈论结果

可用表达：

so, because of this, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, in this way

注意：

中国考生不太经常使用in this way，它是很好的用于口语的表达。

例句：

The cafe is just within walking distance from where I live. Because of this, it’s really convenient for me to walk there for a coffee or to grab a bite.

Many factories dismiss waste gases without proper cleaning system. Consequently, the air gets seriously polluted which leads to the haze problem.

My mother always tries to teach me the value of money. In this way, I’m now able to manage my finances.

 

Talking about contrasting points 对比差异 / 转折

可用表达：

on the other hand, however, alternatively, oppositely, having said that, despite that, in contrast / by contrast, on the contrary, then again, instead  

注意：

alternatively前后分别是两种不同选择，oppositely用来陈述两种不同的情况。

instead的意思是然而或者相反，表示一种替代。

in contrast和by contrast多用于说明两个对象在某个方面的差异。

on the contrary是一个经常被误用的短语，它的意思跟by contrast不一样，一般是表示跟对方观点不一致，或者前文用了否定，后面反过来用肯定句表达相反的意思。

then again往往用来引出突然想到的一个新的想法。

having said that表示虽然我前面说了A，但B也是对的。

例句：

You can book a flight ticket on the airline’s official website. Alternatively, you can drop by a travel agency and buy it there.

Children laugh a lot since they don’t have many worries and concerns. Oppositely, grown-ups often feel depressed because there’re different problems to solve.

I don’t read newspapers quite often now. Instead, I normally read news online.

In general, men may tend to appreciate actions more and are okay with violence. In contrast, women may value characters and their development more.

- Do you think people now are busier compared with the past? - On the contrary, people today have more leisure time because hi-tech inventions like washing machines and computers have greatly improved our efficiency.

We shouldn’t ignore this issue. On the contrary, we need to pay close attention to it and try to solve the problem.

We intend to travel to Thailand this summer. Then again, we might delay it for a year or two.

Women spend plenty of money buying from online shops because of the good deals and convenience. Having said that, they still like to hang out with friends in malls occasionally as a kind of social activity.

Obviously, well-developed transportation system could bring us convenience. But it also produces pollution.

 

Concession 让步

可用表达：

admittedly, naturally, obviously, undoubtedly, of course  

注意：

在雅思口语当中of course要谨慎使用，我们不宜用它代替yes来回答是否类问题，但是可以把它插入句子中间承认某个观点。

例句：

Big cities, of course, have many merits, but you’re going to come across many difficulties in a metropolis as well.

Naturally, I hope to stay with my family and friends in my hometown. But I’m more likely to move to a big city because it’s a really small town with limited job opportunities.

Obviously, well-developed transportation system can bring us much convenience, but it also produces pollution.  

 

Talking about similarity 谈论相似之处

可用表达：

likewise, similarly, in the same way, by the same token

注意：

likewise, similarly和in the same way意义和用法基本一致，相当于中文当中的“与此类似”。

by the same token意思是相应地，因为同一理由。

例句：

We learn to swim after getting into water. Similarly, we become better at speaking a foreign language only if we use it to communicate with others.

We all expect to be respected by others. By the same token, we need to show respect to others.

 

Speaking in general 综述

可用表达：

in general, generally speaking, typically speaking, for most people around me

例句：

Generally speaking, salty snacks like chips and biscuits are more popular compared with chocolate.

In general, I hardly meet my parents since I’m studying in another city.

For most people around me, reading news online is a better choice than reading newspapers.

 

Clarifying阐明，澄清

可用表达：

I mean, my point is, in other words, to put that another way, to be specific / precise / accurate, specifically

注意：

上面的表达用在陈述了某个观点之后把它说得更清楚细致一些。

这些表达合理使用的话可以把某一观点切换角度讲两遍，避免了答案过短和想到其他观点之前不自然的停顿。

I mean还可以用来纠正自己的某个错误，是口语当中的修正液。

例句：

I think the government should take measures to solve the problem. Specifically,the government needs to make relevant regulations and arouse public awareness.

People today usually regard celebrities as role models. In other words, they often copy their behaviors.

The person in my family that I like the most is my dad. She, I mean, he’s quite open-minded and allows me to make decisions on my own.

 

Summarizing 总结

可用表达：

in a nutshell, in a word, in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize, overall, on the whole,basically, fundamentally

注意：上述这些表达后面跟自己总结的观点，需要着重注意的是, in a word如其字面意思，后面需要用精炼的词来总结观点，切忌在后面长篇大论使用复合句。

例句：

In short, gunpowder can be a double-edged sword.

Giraffes can definitely eat high leaves off of trees and they could probably see over the top of my house if they wanted to. In a nutshell, giraffes are really tall.

It is, in a word, exquisite.

Fundamentally, this is a matter of willingness and interest when it comes to whether people prefer to stay indoors or outdoors.

Surfing the internet has already become an important part in contemporary college students' life. Of course it can help us to gain information we need in a convenient way, but if you become addictive and get lost in it, it might destroy you. To summarize, we should make the most of the internet rather than letting it control us.

 

Giving opinions 引出观点

可用表达：

in my opinion, as far as I’m concerned, if you ask me, from my perspective, speaking for myself, to be honest, to tell the truth, frankly speaking

注意：

to tell the truth和frankly speaking意思是实话实说，坦白地说，引出观点的同时吸引了听者的注意力。

例句：

Emperor Qin Shihuang definitely completed the unification of ancient China and there is no doubt that he played an important role in changing the course of history. But as far as I am concerned, he’s also the one who burned books and buried scholars alive. So if you ask me, I would say that he has a quite complicated character and needs to be critically analyzed.

In my opinion, different generations are interested in different outdoor activities in China. Senior citizens might be more interested in square dance while younger generation could be into skateboarding and bungee jumping, which offer them the chance to let off steam.

Some people might think that indoor activities are boring and harmful to health, but from my perspective, I would say that indoor activities offer a chance for people to lay back and relax.

 

Expressing personal opinion or judgment表达个人观点和判断

可用表达：

ironically, foolishly, admittedly, clearly / apparently / obviously, naturally, undoubtedly, undeniably, ideally, inevitably, miraculously...

注意：

和前文提到的引出观点的词和短语区别在于，这个类别里的观点和判断是基于已知事实或者条件作出的，不是单纯的引出自己的观点，而且这当中往往还表达了自己的情绪和态度。

例句：

I yelled at my friend for not being able to show up on time last week. Ironically, when he asked me to go to the artificial beach at the East Lake this week, I was late for about 2 hours. But in my defense, the traffic jam was just terrible and it was inevitable.

Admittedly there are lots of problems and issues in our country, but it has become so much better than 20 years ago and all of us, including the government and citizens, are sparing no efforts to build a more civilized society. So speaking for myself, I think the most important thing is to have faith in our country.

It is quite obvious that not everyone in China prefers the same type of art activity, so it depends on the generation you are referring to. Elder people prefer to practice calligraphy both in house and on the square, and when it comes to youngsters, handcrafts may be a better choice, such as pottery or making cakes, especially for young girls.

Inevitably, children aren’t polite if their parents behave rudely in public.

The athlete seriously injured his knees in training. Miraculously, he recovered one week later and performed quite well in the final.   

 

Expressing feeling 表达心情

可用表达：

to my joy / delight /excitement, to my surprise, surprisingly, fortunately/ luckily, unfortunately, regretfully, regrettably, amazingly, sadly, thankfully, disappointingly, curiously...

注意：

regretfully和regrettably的区别在于，前者是由于自己的错误造成的抱歉，而后者不一定是自己的错误造成的，意思是令人遗憾的，使用时注意区分。

例句：

There used to be a big parking lot near my house when I was young, but it was torn down last year before I left home for university. To my excitement, when I came back home last month, I found that a brand new department store was built, and my mom told me that life had become much more convenient.

Jack told me he would go to hospital to take care of his grandpa on Saturday. But then surprisingly I saw him shopping with his girlfriend that day.

Fortunately, I wasn’t late for the appointment though I was stuck in a traffic jam for about one hour.  

I didn’t spend too much time in studying before the college entrance exam. Regretfully, I performed badly, which my mom was really furious about.

Regrettably, the gunpowder that is created is not only applied to fireworks and firecrackers, which are symbols of happiness and celebration, but also for the use of guns and other weapons, which pose a great threat to people’s lives.

 

Talking about sequence 顺序，序列

可用表达：

first / firstly / first of all / to begin with / in the first place, at the same time / meanwhile / meanwhile / in the meantime / correspondingly, after that / then, finally / eventually / at last / lastly / last but not least / in the end

注意：

first and foremost过于书面且老套，不建议使用。

last but not least强调最后一个也非常重要，在口语中是可以运用的，可是中国学生运用的过度泛滥，如果想要强调最后的重要性可以说And last, but still very important, is ...

at last和last不一样，at last 和 finally可以译作“终于，总算”，可以做叹词表达一种期许已久的心情。

例句：

To begin with, pure songwriters don't need managers as much as performing artists.

I think houses in the future will be bigger in size. At the same time, I suppose it’s quite probable that we may have houses that are controlled by computer because this will make home life much easier.

He was qualified to be an actor. Simultaneously he became a film director.

He told me I should be confident. After that, he gave me some suggestions about what I should do to cope with the problem.

Finally, the third reason why university students can’t find job easily is that they don’t know enough about interviews.

At last, he showed up shortly before the match started.

 

Indicating the area where a situation exists 表明某种情况存在的范围

可用表达：

globally, internationally, world widely, nationally, locally,

注意：

以上短语提示了下文所说的情况适用于哪些地方。

例句：

Globally, our government should work to strengthen cooperation with other nations.

Nationally, there would be more than 10,000 jobs generated by the scheme.

 

Returning to a previous subject 回到提到过的某个观点

可用表达：

as I was saying, as I mentioned before

注意：上述短语主要是用作提及前面刚刚讲到过的内容，往往针对前面某个题当中自己说过的话，一般不在同一个题目当中使用。

例句：

As I mentioned before, my hometown is now developing very fast. For this reason, I’ve already decided to live here in the future as I can easily find a satisfactory occupation.

 

Gaining time to think 争取思考时间

可用表达：

let me see, well, you know

注意：

同一个问题当中不宜重复堆砌使用，不要每一个问题的答案开头都使用。

例句：

Well, it’s a tricky question to answer since I’ve never thought much about this before. I guess males and females actually prefer the same occupations.

 

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