作者：张萌萌  武汉新航道雅思写作讲师，外国语言学及应用语言学硕士

 

学生在40分钟必须完成250字以上的大作文，众所周知，也不是轻而易举的事情。要想有效地进行写作，审题是项要务，也是我们雅思评分规则中最核心的一个板块（task achievement), 很多考生都把大部分精力花在大量积累词汇短语以及句型上，往往一篇文章写的天花乱坠,辞藻华丽，然而却离题千里，最终分数不尽人意。下面这篇文章，我们总结了一些审题的小窍门，以及列举了学生常犯的错误，希望所有考生有所启发。

现在雅思考题，十分多变，但是考试的趋势在于，“老题新考法”，也就是同样一个话题，考官给了不同的角度，也就是不同角度的“限定”，此限定就是易错点，考生往往没有注意，使得所写文章离题太远。第二种情况，也就是要注意题目的“逻辑”。

下面我们看几组例子，首先看看“限定”是怎样在考题中体现的。

 

一．注意“限定”

首先请看以下几组题目的对比：

(一)

1. In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of large cities and into regional areas. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?(2014-8-16)

 

此题较为简单，属于社会生活类的双边讨论型题目，很多考生利用我们的“六大角度，八大论证”法可以得出很多论点，优点：促进周边地区的经济发展；缓解大城市的环境污染；周边区域劳动力便宜，租金低，减少企业的成本；缓解大城市的人口膨胀，交通堵塞等，缺点：污染了周边地区的环境；很多人不愿意去周边工作，很可能辞职，造成企业一定的人才流失等，此些论点皆可。让我们对比一下以下这道题；

 

2. Because of traffic and housing problems in the cities，the government encourages business move to the rural area. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?(2015-6-13)

 

此题大部分类似，然而不能不提防的在于其限定“Because of traffic and housing problems in the cities”，所以答题方向，无论优点还是缺点，首先必须谈的就是交通和住房，其它论点也可提及。

 

(二)

1.Nowadays, there are many television advertisements aimed at children. What are the effects of these advertisements on children? Should TV advertisements be controlled?（2014-4-24）

 

2. Nowadays a large amount of advertising aiming at children should be banned because of the negative effects.To what extent do you agree or disagree?（2016-2-20）

 

尽管两道题问题不一样，但是题1的“What are the effects of these advertisements on children”以及题2的“To what extent do you agree or disagree”，答题方向其实很类似， 都答的是广告的利弊，但是限定不一样。题1应该着重于对孩子的积极影响（开阔视野，深化对世界的理解；提高审美能力等）和消极影响（身心：垃圾食品广告吸引孩子广告吃多了，引起obesity；有些电视广告描述了大量电脑游戏， 让孩子沉迷，影响学习等），而题2，其优点和缺点不仅仅可以答对于孩子的，还可以包括对于家长的影响（让家长对产品加深了解，make well-informed decisions 去购买产品），对于广告商工厂的影响（减少收入）。

 

(三)

1.In some countries, more and more adults choose to continue to live with their parents after they graduate and have found jobs. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh its disadvantages?（2015-04-30）

 

2.In recent years, young people in many countries choose to live by themselves. What are the reasons and is it positive or negative for the development of the society？（2014-9-27）

 

题1，成年人和父母住的好处可以答，父母更好的帮助年轻人处理琐事，成年人可以更好的发展自己的事业。题2，若答独居的坏处，有的考生顺手就把上面的观点迁移下来，认为独居的话，年轻人就不得不茶米油盐，各种琐事，不能把精力和时间放在事业上，则大错特错，其限定“of the society” 指明对社会的影响，例如可以答社会大批独居老人的出现，对社会氛围的不利影响。

看了三组题目的对比，让我们看题操练一番。

 

1.Some people think that the increasing use of computers and mobile phones for communication has had a negative effect on young people’s reading and writing skills. Do you agree or disagree?（2015-03-28）

 

此题很多考生，看到这个题目，顿时喜出望外，洋洋洒洒写了数百字，例如造成视力的恶化，太多辐射影响健康，加强和朋友之前的交流，释放压力等皆为偏题，请注意对“communication”“ young people’s reading and writing skills”的影响，此处两次限定都易偏题。

利用手机电脑交流，对读写技能的影响。如：经常text messages 在手机和电脑上，因其自动纠错功能，我们很少注意到词汇的书写，且经常写缩写，真正写作的时候错洞摆出，各种语法错误；语音交流，说话很随便，写的内容很口语化。手机电脑各种大量的信息，刷微博微信，其内容多，可以锻炼我们的阅读速度，扩展我们的知识面，积累了大量写作素材等。

 

2.Some people regard the increasing business and cultural contact between countries as a positive development. Others,however, feel these leading to loss of national identities. Discuss both views and give your opinion.（2015-8-29/2016-1-09）

 

经济文化交流好处：对个人，留下或者工作人增多，给个人教育以及工作机会；对国家（落后，发达），落后国家引进便宜的进口产品和先进的技术，发达国家利用落后国家便宜的原材料，劳动力等，双赢；文化上，取长补短，多样性等。而 loss of national identities为限定难点，部分考生答缺点为：国外企业和本土的竞争，失业等，偏题。应围绕： 当地本土文化的消失（例如，国外企业和本土的竞争，导致大量本土失业

 

在我们的雅思考题中，还有一类比较特殊的“限定”，考生千万得注意。-----“举例子”

1.Scientists and tourists can travel to remote natural environments such as the South Pole. Do you think the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?（2015-1-29）

 

2.Some working parents believe childcare centers can provide best care for children, while others think family members like grandparents can do it better. Discuss both views and give your opinion.（2015-3-14）

 

3.Students in school or university learn more from classes of teachers than other resources (eg Internet or TV), do you agree or disagree?（2015-9-20）

 

4.In many countries today, both men and women need to work full time. Therefore, some people think men and women should share household tasks equally (e g. cleaning and looking after children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?（2014-5-10）

 

5.Some people believe that unpaid community sevice should be a compulsory part of high school programmes(for example working for a charity, improving the neighbourhood of teaching sports to younger children)（C9）

 

这种类型的题目，在我们写作过程中，文章论证中，这些例子可以提到，当然也可以不提。例如最后一道剑9 的真题，我们不要整篇文章论述“working for a charity,improving the neighbourhood of teaching sports to younger children”的重要性，然而，eg:提高交际技能，组织能力，团队合作精神；获得满足感；增加将来的就业能力；减少犯罪率等，这些也是可以得。让我们看看考官8分范文是如何做的：life skills are important and by doing voluntary work, students can learn how to communicate with others an work in a team but also how to manage time and improve organsinational skills; by giving them compulsory work activities with charitable or community organisations, they will be encouraged to do something more creative; healthy life balance and exercise are strongly promoted by the NHS, and therefore it will prevent from sitting and doing wrong. It could also possibly reduce the crime level in the high school age group.（前面确实讲述的是“charity”的好处，然而横线部分并没有对应 “improving the neighbourhood of teaching sports to younger children”)

我们可以得出，论证过程中可以谈到，也可以不谈，它仅仅是一个列举。

 

还有一类题目也要注意，虽然给的是这种“for example, such as类”词，但其语境就是一个的限定，只能从它着手。

1.schools should concerntrate on the academeic subjects that will be useful for students’ future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

 

2.In some countries, the government has tried toreduce traffic accidents. For instance, they imposed a congestion tax during rush hour. Do you think this development is positive and negative?(2016-1-30)

 

题1中，只能答音乐和运动的重要性（如音乐提高智力，释放压力；合唱团，团队合作；体育，团队合作等，不要答其他科目，而题二，只能答拥堵税的好坏，例如造成经济负担等。

 

二．注意“逻辑”

1）并列

    此情况一定要注意题目中的连接词，例如“and, or”,论述过程中AB缺一不可。

1.Traditional food is being replaced by international fast foods. This has negative effects on family and society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2011-06-23)

 

2.Children spend long time studying in school. What are the positive or negative effects on children and society they live in?(2013-01-12)

 

3.In some countries many young people choose to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.(2015-2-28)

 

4.With the wide use of computers and the Internet, people can study and work from home without going to school or company. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?（2014-4-26）

 

6. Reading stories in books is more beneficail for children than watching TV or playing computer games. Do you agree or disagree?(2015-12-12)

 

2) 因果

因果关系，原因一般是背景，一般重在对结果的讨论。（原因一般是个既存的事实，是个背景，可以在正文中提及，但是核心还是对结果的讨论）

 

1.Some people think news is in no connection with people’s lives; therefore, it is a complete waste of time to read the news in the newspaper or watch TV news. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2012-06-09)

 

2.Children’s education is expensive. In some countries, the government pays some or all of the costs. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?（2014-2-22)

 

3.Some think that printed books are not necessary in the digital era, because all writing can be stored electronically. Others think printed books still play an important role. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.(2014-3-13)

 

3) 转折

一般来说，however后面的是我们讨论的重点，前面顶多算是一种背景。另外也要防止考生把此类情况看成双方对立观点，各自论证，也是跑题。

 

1.Food can be produced more cheaply today because of improved fertilizers and better machinery. However, some people think that the methods used to achieve this may have negative effects on human health and local communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree？(2012-5-19)

 

4) 化

1.Agree 

  A：非常好         +            N：相比A来说有不足

2.Disagree

   1）A好                        N>A

   2）A好                        N=A

   3）A根本不好                  有不错的N

（1、2是推荐使用的方法，比较好操作，也有个名字“平衡写法”）

1.The best way for the government to solve traffic congestion is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. To what extent do you agree or disagree？(2014-1-9)

 

2.Some people believe that the best way to build a happier society is to ensure that there are only small differences between the richest and the poorest members. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2014-2-1)

 

3.Some people think that the best way to improve road safety is to increase the minimum legal age for driving a car or motor-bike. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2015-2-12)

 

我们拿题3举例，教大家怎么操作“平衡写法”。如果运用方法1）A 好+ N>A。 A为“improve road safety is to increase the minimum legal age for driving a car or motor-bike”，A好什么意思呢？我们需要论述：提高最小的驾车年龄可以保证道路的安全（年纪小，比较容易冲动，爱刺激，会出现飙车的现象，而年长者一般心智更加成熟，驾车更细致等）；N>A， N指的是，还有其他方法比A好，例如提高考驾照难度，加大对造成交通事故的肇事者的惩罚力度等。

而2）A好+ N=A,其实内容类似，只是在表达的口气中，N和A一样好。

 

4）类比

比较中，一定进行比较。Mobile smoking 在文中一定要提到。

1.The use of mobile phone is as anti-social as smoking. Since smoking is banned in certain places, using mobile phone should be banned as well. To what extent do you agree or disagree?（2015-2-14）

 

5）对比（简直高频）

1.Students in school or university learn more from classes of teachers than other resources (eg Internet or TV), do you agree or disagree?（学校教育 比网络学习好）

1. agree       A< B

2.disagree     B>A

3.disagree     A=B

最简单的仍然为第三种，平衡写法，学生既能从学校学到知识，例如网络和电视这些其他资源也是很好的一种方式。当然三种方法皆可操作，都可以拿高分。

 

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