完整的英语句子需要具备两大要素:主语和谓语。主语是动词的施动者或者受动者;谓语是对主语的状态或动作的描述。换句话说,一个完整的句子叙述了某人或物发生了什么。我们一起来看下面的两个例子:
a. Has five rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red.
b. Certain colors of flags in sports.
a句意思是“有蓝、黄、黑、绿、红五环”,仅仅描述了谓语部分,缺少了描述主体(subject); b句“某些体育旗帜颜色”,仅仅出现了陈述对象,并没有进一步说明发生了什么,即谓语(verb)。鉴于此,可以改成:
a. The Olympic flag has five rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red.
b. Certain colors of flags in sports are used to communicate.
接下来我们思考一个问题:有主谓的句子一定就是完整的句子吗?一起看下面的几个例子:
a. I had many struggles during my first semester, the second semester seemed much better.
b. Because I study English.
a句是由两个完整的简单句构成的并列句,缺少了逻辑连接词(coordinating conjunction),因为“逗号”只有分割的作用,没有连接句子的功能;b句主谓皆有,但前面有一个because表“因为…”的从属连词(subordinating conjunction),构成了原因状语从句,故而缺少了主干句(independent clause)。
众所周知,英语表达中主句是不可或缺的,然而有时候从句也同样是有它必然存在的道理。以上例句的完整性判断是站在语法的立场,那下面我们要看的句子则是从语义的角度出发:
a. Nowadays, there are many traffic jams on the road.
b. Nowadays, cheap air travel is becoming the first choice of many people.
a句“现如今道路交通堵塞很多。”这句话表达不准确,交通堵塞不是任何地方,也不是无时无刻都存在;b句“现如今,廉价航空出行正成为很多人的首 选。”这句话表达也欠佳,不是所有的人都会首 选廉价航空,也不是所有的出行都需要乘坐飞机。建议修改成:
a. Nowadays, there are many traffic jams on the road during the rush hour in many major cities around the world. (添加时间和地点限制)
b. Nowadays, cheap air travel is becoming the first choice of many people who have a limited budget or when they need to travel a long distance. (添加定语从句和时间状语)
以上例句来自于《Skillful Reading & Writing 2》,《Skillful Reading & Writing 4》