经济学作为 A-level 考试中最热门的 essay based 科目之一,每年都让无数考生头大无比,到了 A2 阶段果断 drop ;同时也给了很多人轻松获得 A* 的机会。十月份 AS 马上就要开始,接着就是紧张的 A-level 阶段。为了让大家对 A-level 经济 有更全面的了解, 新航道小编今天 将从三个方面介绍 CIE A-level A2 部分 ,一起来看看吧!
1. A-level 经济简介 +A* 学子备考 tips
2. Essays 常考话题解读
1 、 A-level 经济简介 + 大纲
A-level 分为两个部分( AS 和 A2 ),虽然难度系数相差很大,但是两个部分分数占比是一样的(最终成绩 =AS+A2 ,无加权)所以说,如果各位考生在 AS 阶段可以拿到 90/100 + 的分数,在 A2 考试中会轻松很多。
上图是分数分布图, A-level 考试指 AS+A2 。
在 AS 考试中( Paper1 和 Paper2 ),得分的选择题占了整个 AS 的 40% ,而在 A2 考试里( Paper3 和 Paper4 ),选择题只占了 30% 的分( 15% 是指在整个考试里的占比),而 70% 都在考 data 和 essay ,对考生的写作能力、手速、耐力、逻辑思维能力和知识点运用的要求都非常的高。
ALevel经济学怎样备考能A*?
A-level 在 AS 的基础上,包含五个 topic :
A. Basic economic ideas and resources allocation
B. The price system and the micro economy
C. Government microeconomic intervention
D. The macro economy
E. Government macroeconomic intervention
1 、 TIP1 :
经济考试中考试最重要的就是 syllabus !上面的详细内容在 syllabus 里都会有哦。所以一定要打印下来或者存在笔记本上经常看!
建议大家对照 syllabus 在课本上找到相应的知识点并标记出来,就像这位油管上分享 A-level A* 经验的姐姐一样
2 、 TIP2 : MIND MAP 思维导图
根据 syllabus 上面的五个 topic 制作五张思维导图,也可以电子版的做成一份~下面是我之前做的一部分思维导图:
除了 syllabus 之外,我还参考了经济课本、 z-notes 、很多有关 A2 备考的文章以及视频。
3 、 TIP3 :记忆卡片
因为 essay 里面引用一些重要的定义是必不可少的,理解着去写出来肯定没问题,但用课本上给的似乎更专业些。我会参考教科书的用法,然后去 google 一下定义再做结合。
很多课本还有 revision book 给的定义用语相差很多。我会选择自己记忆顺畅、表达全面的摘录在记忆卡片上,每天早晨抽取着读背写。这种记忆卡片可以用本子代替,也可以去文具店里买小学生记英语单词的硬纸片卡
Essays 常考话题解读
Paper 4 : essay and data
技巧:正面反面都要说,举例子 + 配图。 A2 重题概率很高,虽然不是完全一样的题,但是考察的知识点差不多。而且是可以选择自己擅长的 topic ,和 AS 一样。我个人会侧重于重点准备两个 topic ,其他的把主要的记一下过一下。比如 A2 时我选的是 GDP, developing/developed countries 有关的问题和 utility&indifference curve 等有关的问题。
1 、 宏观常考话题:
1. unemployment- causes&influences&policies to correct. 12 分或 13 分
需要记忆的重点:
definition of unemployment, method of calculation;
Different types of unemployment (cyclical, frictional, structural, etc) ;
Ways to correct for different types of unemployment ( indirect or direct taxation, corporate taxes; stimulate investment, increase in govt. Spending. Etc.)
需要记忆会画的图:
常用的 conclusion & evaluation :
It is not possible to achieve full employment. The natural rate of unemployment depends on the mobility of labor, income taxes....
2. GDP, economic growth & economic development, developed and developing countries.12 分或 13 分
需要记忆的重点:
以上几个 terms 的 definition ;
Economic development 和 economic growth 的区别;
Types of economic growth( real growth and potential growth) ;
Advantages and disadvantages of using GDP as an indicator of economic growth and development ;
Other methods: definition and pros&cons ;
Methods of calculation
下面是我之前整理的关于 GDP 的知识点,正如上文提到的,这一个 topic 是我感觉简单所以精心准备的备考话题。大家可以把这些当作参考,进行整理笔记。例子一定要从课本里面都看一遍,自己想也 ok ,只要有就行,合理的例子真的非常非常重要:
Measurement of GDP—measurement of the flow of income in an economy over a particular period of time.
三种方式测出来的数字应该是一样的,因为都是 the flow of income produced in an economy
the value of output is equal to the incomes that it generates
假设: income=expenditure
(1)OUTPUT method: avoid counting the same output twice; ONLY FINAL GOODS
例子: If the value of cars sold by manufacturers is added to the value of output of the tyre firms, double counting will occur. so only add up value added(= revenue - material input)
(2)INCOME method: payments received in return for providing good/services.
( primary income ) TRANSFER PAYMENTS are NOT included=payments made to factors of production =profit+wages+interest+rent…
(3)EXPENDITURE method= C+I+G+X-M - indirect taxes + subsidies
inventory: 存货 ( 算在 investment ,商家没卖出去自己买下来,使 output=expenditure)
Investment 包含:
1. Machine
2. Building Structure
3. Inventory
买房子是 investment ,租房子是 consumption
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3. Money, interest rate theory 12 分或 13 分
需要记忆的点:
Definition of money ;
list of some characteristics of money ;
how money supply can be changed ;
details of two theories: loanable funds theory and Liquidity
preference :
explanation of three motives of liquidity preference ;
Liquidity trap mentioned
需要记忆并会画的图:
2 、 微观常考话题
1. Labor Market
需要记忆的点:
what is labor market, how it can be determined
Demand factors of labor
Supply factors of labor
MRP theory
Changes in demand and supply of labor
Imperfections in labor market
Graphs:
常用总结: there are many factors that determine he wage rate in labor market. There are many imperfections influencing the market as well such as mobility of labor monopsony..
2. Utility&Indifference curve& Budget line-- link between/with demand 12 或 13 分
Market structure: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly.
需要记忆的点:
definition of utility, marginal utility and total utility ;
Full definition of budget line and indifference curve. ;
equi-marginal principle; diminishing marginal utility;
law of demand;
how demand curve is derived ;
limitations of the theory in explaining consumer demand ;
details of normal good, inferior good and giffen good (explain with indifference curve and budget line)
Graphs:
3. market structure-perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly , monopoly.. 13’or12’
需要记忆的点:
definition of particular market structure from aspects of barriers of entry,nature of product, interdependence, influence over price; details link to what mentioned in the title; different types of efficiency.