北美考试院 托福写作组 王雨婷

本期考题与2017.10.28的综合写作考题内容重复，只是原因解释顺序上有些调整。由此可见，历年考察过的真题被重复考察的可能性还是比较高的，考生平时备考时也可以以历年真题为材料进行备考练习。此次考察的话题属于托福综合写作考试中考频较高的动物类的话题中关于动物行为分析的子话题，分析的是动物玩耍的理由。在TPO中有大量材料也涉及到了动物类相关话题，包括：TPO10, TPO15, TPO17,TPO37,TPO42, TPO48,TPO49。因此，TPO同样仍旧是考生备战综合写作，熟悉话题的重要资料。

Keywords: animal behavior, play, social relationship, navigate, maintain direction, prevent injuries, pesticides, fungus, habitat

可以类比下列这些TPO的综合写作。

TPO37 Turtle Excluder Device

阅读部分：

总观点：被shrimp-fishing boat意外捕获在网里的endangered sea turtle可以通过TED来逃生，但是这种方法受到了批判。

• sea turtle被抓住的几率很低，并且TED会给shripm fisher带来大量损失；

• 缩短允许shrimp boat的网在水下的时间限制是一种比TED更有效的方法；

• TED对于大型的species of endangered sea turtle并不有效。

听力反驳：

• 总论点：这些批判并不合理

• 美国有成千上万的shrimp boat, 他们或多或少会抓到sea turtles，sea turtle目前的数量已经很少，保护他们比减少shrimp fisher的损失更重要；

• 时间限制基本无法实施；而TED是一种更好管理的方式；

• 可以制造更大的TED在有需要的区域使用。

TPO49 Humpback whales navigate by stars

阅读部分：

总观点：Humpback whales是通过星星来navigate

• Humpback whales非常的聪明，它的强大的认知能力使得它能够用相对复杂的外界传感系统来导航；

• Humpback whales是直线航行的，而通常直线航行的动物都是通过外界的物体来导航的；

• Humpback whales会出现向上垂直的漂浮动作，这个动作可能是在看星星来找方向。

听力反驳：

• 总论点：阅读提出的证据并不convincing

• 用星星来导航和智力并没有什么关系，比如duck天生就会用星星导航，但是他们的认知能力并不强；

• Humpback whales直线导航的解释可能是它用biomagnetite去感知地球引力来导航，地球引力作为一种外部力量可以引导它直线航行；

• sky-hopping不是用来看星星的。鲨鱼也会这样，但是他们是为了寻找猎物。

题目解析：

1^st version的考题重复的是20191207的媒体类考题，讨论的话题还是非常有趣的。媒体类考题相对在历年的考题占比中较小，但是话题的写作难度较高，平时练习时建议考生针对自己不熟悉的话题做思路拓展和相关词汇表达的扩充整理。这道题在思考时建议的构思方向是：1. 如果写同意，（1）看到好人被惩罚，观众可能会觉得it is not worthwhile being good, 因此影响人们的行为。（2）看到坏人没有受到惩罚，观众会觉得做坏事成本低。（3） 思考让步：即使有人说电视节目没有人会太当真，不会对社会上人们的行为产生负面影响。但是实际上这些电视节目是在宣扬价值观念和潜移默化引导人们的行为。

2^nd version的考题重复的是20191013的个人偏好类话题，讨论的是交友类的子话题，这类话题在历年真题中比重较高，而且这道题在往年考过很多词，要引起重视。三选一类话题，在写作时着重注意题目的三个选项都需要在文章中进行分析强调。可以采取分别分析选择的选项的优势及不选择的选项的劣势；也可以选择进行选项间对比论证的写作。

可参考如下范文：

The rapid development of technology increasingly isolates people from one another, but, as is said, “no man is an island,” every one tries to work his way to widen social connection. Some suggest that students should join in a sports team to meet more people, while others recommend that traveling is a better choice. However, participating in volunteer activities in a community, from my perspective, can contribute the most in broadening one’s social circle.

Some may argue that sports team can guarantee students an extraordinary atmosphere, in which everyone shares similar hobby and bears higher possibilities to become friends with one another. However, let us be more realistic, most students join a sports team to exercise instead of seeking for opportunity to broaden social connection. In the situation where most participants are focusing other attention and devoting all their energy to strengthening their body, communication rarely happens, letting alone establishing new friendship. Will you answer your teammates invitation about a meal after exercising when you are struggling with your treadmill? Or will you talks about your daily experience with your rival during a running race? On the contrary, volunteer activities provide students provide more chances for students to communicate with the others from trivial things like when and where to meet to some more contributing topics like how to carry out or to elevate their activities. Communication gives birth to new friendship.

The proponent of the idea that traveling helps one to make new fiends may argue that students will serve a good companion on the road for each other, thus enhancing the relationship. Nevertheless, they have ignored the fact that students barely contacting from the other afterwards for they may not have a chance to meet due to dissimilar living and social environment. For instance, I once met a lovely couple on my trip to Australia, we share resemble preference for most of the things, like activities to participate, places to visit and even the food to enjoy. We befriended each other on WeChat when finishing our trip but never talk with each other even over the Internet. After all, traveling is far from life whilst volunteering activities in community are close to it. At least, students join in the same activities are most likely to live in the neighborhood, and can meet later after the volunteering work. They can recall together of their valuable experience of helping others and make agreements on next volunteering plan.

There is no doubt that joining a sports team and traveling can both be advantageous in making friend, friendship from volunteering work is more long-lasting.