作者:杜薇 新航道武汉学校北美考试院托福写作讲师,英国利兹大学硕士。
托福考试2018年共计46场,考试形式上与前面的2017和2016年相比,基本没有变化,难度上也基本没有太大浮动。
综合写作方面,较之之前增加了能源和政府类话题;独立写作方面,三选一题型数量增加。
一、 综合写作考情分析
1. 考情总览
托福考试2018年,综合写作共考查46道题目,其中生态类所占比重,占61%;其次为历史类话题,占17%。考古类和医学类分别考了4道,各占9%,剩下各考一道能源和政府类。从话题的百分比来看,大家在综合习作的备考过程中,从阅读和听力两方面,一定要重点复习:生态类和历史类的学术词汇,特别是生态类,也要复习到医学,历史,地质类词汇。
(数据来源:笔者统计)
2. 学科话题分析和汇总
生态类话题(28道) |
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1月13日 |
lionfish商业化的利弊 |
2月4日 |
该不该设立基金保护森林 |
3月3日 |
orca和iceberg是不是一个东西?重复2017.6.3 |
3月24日 |
喂鸟是否对它们是一种伤害?重复2016.4.23 |
3月31日 |
hooligan这种小鱼减少的原因和解决方案 |
4月15日 |
Red palm weevil会危害到棕榈树 |
5月6日 |
Male Deer’s antlers have some functions. |
5月12日 |
Why plants fold their leaves during nighttime? |
5月26日 |
Monarch Butterfly, 农民使用杀虫剂去除milkweed. |
6月2日 |
有3种办法防止海龟减少 |
6月10日 |
大量欧裔美国人居住到美国西部草原使得北美野牛大量减少 |
6月23日 |
恐龙应该伸直脖子生活 |
6月30日 |
Owl Parrots 不能维持数量 |
7月1日 |
澳大利亚的夜空上经常能看到移动的发光体,叫min min lights,给了三种解释 |
7月7日 |
鲸搁浅的三个原因 |
7月14日 |
Russian thistle的三个理论 |
8月25日 |
阅读提及了如何去除false bamboo的方法,减少扩散。 |
8月26日 |
新几内亚扁形虫通过植物上的泥土传播到欧洲,并对欧洲的动物造成巨大威胁。有三个方法可以控制它在欧洲的扩张。 |
9月2日 |
knees对树根的作用 |
9月9日 |
潮湿的土地有一种出现小光球的现象。 重复2014年9月27日 |
10月14日 |
kill yellow crazy ants in palm forest 的3种方法 |
10月28日 |
欧洲的 ash tree 这几年一直被 fungi 破坏。文章中提出了几个方式去除真菌。 |
11月4日 |
海水淡化是否对生态环境有害。 |
11月10日 |
科学考察会破坏冰川环境。 |
11月11日 |
澳大利亚的动物因为人类活动而灭绝。 |
11月25日 |
抓蟒蛇的三种方式 |
12月15日 |
pine trees对抗beetles |
12月16日 |
快灭绝犀牛 R 在 captive 的环境中的一些问题 |
考古类话题(4道) |
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7月8日 |
Great Zimbabwe石头建筑群建造的purpose。 |
10月20日 |
神秘的 trail 出现在 1855 年伦敦郊外的雪地里。 |
11月17日 |
Richard III 遗骸的真伪。 |
11月24日 |
Andes的围墙是不是堡垒。 |
历史类话题(8道) |
|
1月6日 |
Several theories about brochs of ancient Scottish people |
1月27日 |
Brendan和它的船员曾经到达过北美洲。 |
1月28日 |
欧洲人到没到过澳洲 |
5月19日 |
Mystery Hill所展现出的欧洲人到达北美大陆比我们所知的更早。 |
9月15日 |
探讨Estruscans这类人是否起源于Turkey之后迁移到Italy |
9月16日 |
富兰克林的风筝实验真的perform了吗? |
12月1日 |
伊利运河的建立 |
12月8日 |
Phoenician was first people to sail around Africa |
医学类话题(4道) |
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3月10日 |
Dental amalgam牙医们使用水银( mercury ),是否应该禁止使用。 |
3月11日 |
人的脑子越变越小?重复20140517CN |
4月21日 |
药品广告对公众有害 |
10月13日 |
牛奶对人体有害 重复20170527CN |
能源类话题(1道) |
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10月27日 |
讲3种可以代替燃料,减少二氧化碳的生成 |
政府类话题(1道) |
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9月8日 |
讨论在美国西海岸修建高铁(high-speed rail lines) 是否有益。 |
二、独立写作考情分析
1. 考情总览
(数据来源:笔者统计)
2018年独立写作共考查46道题目。按题型区分,如上图所示。三选一题型共有8道,政府决策类占1道,教育类占2道,生活方式类有1道,个人喜好类占4道;由此可以看出,个人喜好和教育类话是三选一题型偏好的话题。二选一仍旧是独立写作里的主流题型,但值得注意的是:相比以往题干的言简意赅,2018年下半年的独立写作二选一题型的题干有越来越长、越来越具体的趋势,甚至在题干中出现从句等复杂句型加大阅读的难度。一方面,题干给出的更多细节让考生们有了更详细、更具体的写作依据;但另一方面,也会出现考生因为粗心导致审题失误,造成文章偏题的局面。所以,对于题干较长的二选一题目,一定要认真、仔细地进行审题。
图3:
(数据来源:笔者统计)
另外,各个话题在2018年所占比例如上图(图3)示。总体来说,2018年托福独立写作话题沿袭之前的出题风格和内容,与考生的学习、生活紧密相关,让考生通常看到题目都是有话可写的;另外,部分涉及生活方式、政府决策类的话题,也是希望把拓展考生的思维局面,让考生更加关注社会热点和时代潮流。其中,个人偏好作为常考热点,所占比例,达到48%。这类话题涉及面比较广,包括:职业和家庭选择、成功、人际关系、领导力等。话题大多与考生的生活息息相关,不需要过多的学科知识的,需要的是对此类话题能够有所偏好,再用恰当的英语写作表达。教育类话题作为第二类常考的话题,占比26%。这一类话题里,具体内容可以细分为:教师和教学方式、学生和学习方式、课程设置和课程选择、学生的课外活动等。随后的就是生活方式类话题,占比17.4%,具体内容涉及度假、购物、电影,以及社团服务等。然后,政府决策类话题占比8.6%,涉及政府对科技、环保、医疗、民生等方面的内容。
2. 教育类话题汇总
日期 |
教育类(12道) |
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1月27日 |
Which one do you think is the most important factor for a student to success at college or university? 1. Tutors in university. 2. The encouragement from family and friends. 3. High-quality education from high school. |
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1月28日 |
Which one of the following areas should governments fund in order to improve children’s educational quality: 1) Hiring more teachers so that there are fewer students in one class; 2) Providing preschool education; 3) Providing additional training for teachers so they know more methods to teach. |
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3月3日 |
How to choose the courses in the last semester in university? a, courses that you have been taken before b, courses that you have never attended |
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4月21日 |
It is difficult for teachers to be both popular (liked by students) and effective in helping students in learning. |
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6月2日 |
Schools always collect information about teacher’s teaching performance and give rewards to those teachers who perform well. Which way do you think is more useful? |
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6月10日 |
University wants freshmen get to know more about university life, freshmen have two choice: |
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8月25日 |
You may choose between two professors who will be teaching a course that you must take at your university. If the following statements are the only information available to you about the differences between the two professors, which professor would you choose? why? ---one professor was voted most popular in a survey of students about their teachers. ---one professor has just been given an award for outstanding research.
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9月2日 |
The best way for a teacher to help students interested in a subject is to explain that subject will help them outside school. 重复2014年12月6日 |
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9月8日 |
A/D: Professor should prohibit the use of devices that can connect to the internet in class. |
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9月9日 |
In universities, people tend to concern more about the career prospect of the subjects they learn. some people propose that students should learn subjects with a fast job growth including math, science, technology, and engineering even if they are interested in other subjects. |
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11月24日 |
Supervisor and teacher will make a group to do a project,and do you think it's more efficient to work with anyone you wish for or to work with people who think and do things differently?
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12月16日 |
Some university teachers prefer to record their lectures before classes. In this way, students will be familiar with the lecture in advance and teachers help students practice in classes while they are watching or listening lectures. Do you think it is an effective way to learn.
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3. 个人偏好类话题汇总
日期 |
个人偏好类(22道) |
2月4日 |
A/DA: It is better for the younger people to take risk and explore new things than the older people. |
3月10日 |
Which one is the most important factor to help you work productively? 1. Having an environment which is free from noise and distractions 2. Knowing that you will receive a reward 3. Doing something you are interested in |
3月11日 |
A/D: People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members, so there's no need for the government to help them. |
3月24日 |
A/D: People should take time to relax with hobbies or physical activities that are very different from what they do at work |
5月6号 |
Some people think that some lessons for young children (aged 5-8) which include video games can serve as effective and interesting ways of learning, while others think that these lessons are quite distracting and can be seen as a waste of time. What is your opinion and why? (重复20160123) |
5月19日 |
Physical exercise is more important for older people than for younger people. |
5月26日 |
At work or school, you might encounter a problem that requires creativity. In such situation, would you prefer to work alone or work in a group? |
6月23日 |
Some people like to do sports exercise alone while others prefer to do it with others. Which do you prefer? |
6月30日 |
Some people have ambitious dreams and keep following them, but other people always focus on realistic goals and try to achieve them. Which do you think is better? |
7月1日 |
(A/DA) Some people think the media (including newspapers,televisions,radio and internet sources)are less concerned with the accuracy of news. |
7月7日 |
(A/DA) It is better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercise. |
7月8日 |
Which one do you prefer: 1) a company offering you a job with challenging and interesting project but less vacation days or 2) another company offering you a job that is not so challenging and interesting but more vacation days.
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7月14日 |
When you decide which of the two places to visit, you will have two of the following choices: 1. Discuss with someone who has visited the two places.2. Read online. Which one do you think is better?
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8月26日 |
Imagine you need to improve your performance in order to get better grades or higher work payment which way would you choose? 1.doing more extra work or assignments that are required 2.participate more actively or contributing your own idea more frequently in the group discussion
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9月15日 |
It is better to spend money on travelling and vacation than save money for future. 重复2015年6月13日 |
10月14日 |
Some people believe it needs to take risks to be successful, while some others argue that it should be cautious and careful. Which one do you think is better? |
10月20日 |
People in the past were friendlier than they are today. |
10月27日 |
Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends? 1. joining a sport team 2. participating in community activities 3. traveling |
11月10日 |
friendship among friends usually has a negative impact on friendship. (重复2016年7月2日考题) |
11月17日 |
Which one of the factors do you think is the most important in terms of affecting the lasting time of friendship? 1. Always help each other 2. Have same interests and views on important things 3. Trust each other completely |
12月8日 |
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: One can learn a lot about another person from the books and the movies that the person likes. |
12月15日 |
Agree or disagree: to succeed in school or at work, the ability to adapt or adjust to a changing condition or circumstance is more important than having excellent knowledge of a job or in a field of study.
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3. 生活方式类话题汇总
日期 |
生活方式类(8道) |
1月6日 |
(A/DA) Nowadays it is not important for people to have regularly family meals together. |
3月31日 |
What is the most useful action for people to help environment in their local communities? 1. Plant trees and create parks 2. Persuade local shops to stop providing plastic bags for consumers 3. Increase access to public transportation (such as buses and trains), and reduce the automobiles on roads |
4月15日 |
Playing sports can teach people lessons about the life. |
5月12日 |
When a new technological device becomes available, some will buy it right away while some wait until many people have adopted. What is your choice? (重复20140615, 20110625NA) |
9月16日 |
If you were given a short period of time, what would you choose: 1. learn to play a new sport you never played; 2. learn to cook food in a different way; 3. learn to do some hand-made work like clothes.
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11月25日 |
It is easier for parents to raise children today than it was 50 years ago. |
12月1日 |
(A/DA) It is as important as the older people to study and learn new things as young people.
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10月13日 |
(A/DA)Your job has a greater effect on your overall happiness than the social life does.
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4. 政府决策类话题汇总
日期 |
政府决策类(4道) |
1月13日 |
(A/DA) It is a waste of money for governments to fund space travel and space exploration. |
10月28日 |
Which of the following is the most important thing for a country's leader to do to ensure the prosperity and success of the country? 1. Creating job for unemployed worker 2. Developing agriculture and lowering food prices 3. Improving affordable housing Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
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11月4日 |
A government spends money on all adults after 25-year-old on a training course for the most up-to-date skills at workplace. Do you think it is effective? Why or why not? |
11月11日 |
Governments are not doing enough to educate people about the importance of good nutrition and healthy eating. |
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