作者:陈朵 新航道武汉学校留学预备课程听说讲师
最近,Maggie老师在上课时,问了学生下面这个问题:What do you enjoy about your work? 学生脱口答道: money! 非常“言简意赅”。这种答题方式是不是也经常发生在你的身上呢?我们都知道,在雅思口语考试中有一条评分标准是speak at length,最简单的理解就是需要整句答题。试想,即使一个雅思口语9分达人在考试过程中全部以money, yes, no这种单词来答题,考官能测试出你的真实水平吗?这篇文章旨在告诉大家如何在口语考试中使用P.E.E原则,来满足speak at length这条评分原则。所谓P.E.E指的到底是什么,在这里我先卖个关子,让我们回到文章开头的问题What do you enjoy about your work? 来看看我们skillful 2教材中native speaker是怎么回答的吧:I feel I’m doing something useful because weather forecasts help everyone in several different ways, for example, a farmer will be able to protect his crops.
显然这位native speaker做到了speak at length,那么他是如何做到的呢?我们一起来分析他的回答。首先他开门见山地给出了自己的观点: doing something useful,然后用because引出原因进行解释为什么他认为这份工作是有用的,最后speaker还用for example举例来进行深入的说明,使自己的回答丰富、完整、且具有逻辑性。其实该speaker的回答就非常好的运用了P.E.E原则,也即是“观点(point)+解释(explain)+事例(example)”。
首先我们看“观点”的陈述。在陈述观点时,一定要用完整的句子来回答。但在句子的组织过程中,为了争取多一些思考时间,大家有时会说Personally, I feel that…或者Personally, I think…,在这里需要注意的是,personally和紧跟的I feel that或I think是同样的含义,只用其中1个即可。或者大家还可以偶尔使用一些语篇标记词,比如to be honest, actually, as a matter of fact等(见skillful 4 unit 4)。比如说,雅思口语 part 3里考过这样一道题:What do you think of globalization? 我们在陈述此类较繁杂的题目时需要争取一点思考的时间,就可以将答案组织为I feel that globalization is like a double-edged sword. 但注意不要过度频繁或重复使用,因为它们的应用主要限于比较复杂的问题或需要时间组织思路和语言时。我们再看一道雅思口语part 1真题:What is your favorite color? 像这样比较基本的问题就尽量直接用完整句子作答: My favorite color is red.
答题的第二个步骤就是对“观点”进行“解释”,也就是原因的陈述。“原因”的表达法最常见的当然是because,除此之外,为了追求表达的多样性,我们也可以使用其它的表“原因”的信号词进行替换。请参考以下表格:
| 
			 表达法  | 
			
			 出处  | 
			
			 用法  | 
		
| 
			 since  | 
			
			 skillful 2 unit 1  | 
			
			 后接句子  | 
		
| 
			 the reason is …  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 3  | 
			
			 后接句子(后加that), 名词,动名词  | 
		
| 
			 due to  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 6  | 
			
			 后接名词短语,动名词  | 
		
| 
			 as  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 1  | 
			
			 后接句子  | 
		
到这里我们对于What do you think of globalization?的回答就可以从一句扩展为两句了:I feel that globalization is like a double-edged sword, and the reason is that it brings us benefits as well as some drawbacks.在回答What is your favorite color?也可增加对原因的描述,使答案变成My favorite color is red, since in China red is a symbol of happiness.
很多同学在回答完第二个步骤就觉得答案已经很完美了,确实,大家能回答道这个程度进步很大了。但是如果能加上一个事例会让你的回答更具说服力。常见举例的表达除了for example以外,我们还可以用以下表格中的“举例”表达进行替换使用。
| 
			 表达法  | 
			
			 出处  | 
			
			 用法  | 
		
| 
			 like  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 2  | 
			
			 后接名词,动名词  | 
		
| 
			 such as  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 2  | 
			
			 后接名词,动名词  | 
		
| 
			 for instance  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 2  | 
			
			 后接句子  | 
		
| 
			 a prime / classic example is…  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 2  | 
			
			 后接句子(后加that),名词,动名词  | 
		
| 
			 to name one example  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 2  | 
			
			 后接句子  | 
		
口语题目What do you think of globalization?我们加上例子以后,答案可以进一步扩充为 I feel that globalization is like a double-edged sword, and the reason is that it brings us benefits as well as some drawbacks. A prime example of its benefits is that we have more food choices. On the other hand, globalization also has drawbacks. To name one example, importing too many foreign products is a shock for domestic economy. 对于第二个口语话题What is your favorite color?增加事例后答案也会丰富起来:My favorite color is red, since in China red is a symbol of happiness. I, for example, wore an all-red dress at my wedding ceremony to show my cheerfulness.
总而言之,我们在口语训练尤其是针对口语考试而做口语练习时,很多同学都不知如何让自己的回答能够满足评分标准里的speak at length. 今天我们学习到的是通过P.E.E原则,也即是“观点(point)+解释(explain)+事例(example)”的方法,让我们的口语回答丰富、完整、具有说服力和逻辑性,具体步骤如下:
ü 步使用完整句子表达观点,在需要时间组织思路或语言时偶尔使用I feel that, I’d say, personally 或者well, you know, to be honest, actually, as a matter of fact等语篇标记词。
ü 第二步运用because, since, the reason is, due to, as等原因信号词解释持有该观点的原因。
ü 最后通过like, such as, for example, for instance, a prime / classic example is, to name one example等表达法进行举例说明。
P.E.E答题原则适用性强,Maggie在这里帮各位同学总结了一下,在留学预备口语阶段,各个级别的哪些话题可以使用今天所学习的原则答题:
| 
			 主题  | 
			
			 出处  | 
			
			 归属类别  | 
		
| 
			 talk about everyday items  | 
			
			 skillful 1 unit 3  | 
			
			 物品  | 
		
| 
			 describe a favorite meal or snack  | 
			
			 skillful 1 unit 5  | 
			
			 食物  | 
		
| 
			 hobbies  | 
			
			 skillful 1 unit 6  | 
			
			 爱好  | 
		
| 
			 presenting about a special day  | 
			
			 skillful 1 unit 10  | 
			
			 节日  | 
		
| 
			 designing a dream home  | 
			
			 skillful 2 unit 3  | 
			
			 房子  | 
		
| 
			 talking about a trend  | 
			
			 skillful 2 unit 4  | 
			
			 趋势  | 
		
| 
			 cultural customs  | 
			
			 skillful 2 unit 5  | 
			
			 风俗  | 
		
| 
			 your future job  | 
			
			 skillful 2 unit 10  | 
			
			 工作  | 
		
| 
			 offering advice  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 1  | 
			
			 建议  | 
		
| 
			 community service  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 2  | 
			
			 社区服务  | 
		
| 
			 discussing large companies  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 4  | 
			
			 公司  | 
		
| 
			 how to overcome pressure  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 6  | 
			
			 压力  | 
		
| 
			 presenting a problem you overcame  | 
			
			 skillful 3 unit 7  | 
			
			 解决问题  | 
		
| 
			 presenting pros and cons of an invention  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 2  | 
			
			 发明  | 
		
| 
			 discussing results of an experiment  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 3  | 
			
			 试验  | 
		
| 
			 presenting pros and cons of fire  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 4  | 
			
			 火  | 
		
| 
			 giving a presentation about a city  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 5  | 
			
			 城市  | 
		
| 
			 water issues  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 7  | 
			
			 水资源  | 
		
| 
			 personal and community values  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 8  | 
			
			 价值观  | 
		
| 
			 presentation of a plan for a public space  | 
			
			 skillful 4 unit 9  | 
			
			 公共空间  | 
		
由此可以看出,P.E.E答题原则可以运用到的话题范围特别广,且在后期雅思或者托福考试中,个人观点类(what do you think of …)的口语话题中都可以运用。同学们学会后记得课后的操练哦!
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