作者：武汉新航道英联邦考试院雅思阅读组  黄佳丽

每每提到武汉新航道雅思阅读的解题技巧，但凡是接受过相关培训的“烤鸭”们，他们大部分可能想到的两个关键词就是：定位和同义替换。掌握这两个技巧确实很重要，但也的确存在这样的情况：尤其是在做填空题这种难度偏低的题型时，很多“烤鸭”往往由于过多将注意力放在这两点上，而忽略了英语语言当中的逻辑关系，且对否定关系的替换表达不够敏感，导致产生了比较可惜的失分现象。我们都知道，英语的基本构成是从词到句，从句到段，从段到篇，这当中的每一环都存在紧密的逻辑关系；且随着阅读考试难度的增加和对学生阅读能力要求的提高，逻辑关系也成为其中的一大考点。那么，我们就重点来讨论一下逻辑关系中的一种——否定关系。

一提到否定关系，大家可能想到的是否定标记词not，但是在雅思阅读中，否定关系的表达形式十分多样化，且考试中会涉及到不同形式之间的转换。那么，现在我们就结合一些真题来看看究竟吧。

Example 1：Johnson did not have a 5.____ available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. (C5 P18)

结合定位，我们找到了原文对应句是：The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. 很多烤鸭容易忽略题干中“do not have”这个否定逻辑关系，导致得出答案速度偏慢，但是现在我们可以很明确地看到原文对应句中只有一个否定词“without”=“do not have”，那么答案呼之欲出，即：“library”。

Example 2：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30._____ nor the 31._____ to express their ideas. (C5 P50)

仔细审题，我们发现，该题种“neither... nor”体现了两种逻辑关系：否定+并列；再结合顺序原则来进行定位，我们找到原文对应句是：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.那么我们不难发现，此题的答案分别为“technical vocabulary”和“grammatical resources”，因为否定关系“neither... nor”= 动词“lack”，并列关系则体现为“first”和“second”。

Example 3：It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33.____ as a means of supporting themselves.(C6 P29)

在审题时，我们都会注意到关键词“impossible”，该词带有典型的否定前缀“-im”；根据题干部分的区间限定和34题题干中的时间概念，我们确定了原文对应句应为：Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago... 很多同学对“out of the question”这个介词短语不太熟悉，但多少也能够猜到是对应“impossible”的，所以答案也是能做出来。那这种替换就是需要大家积累的。

Example 4：Toughened glass is favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18.____ when it breaks.(C6 P29)

原文： This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.

对比之下，题干的“not”就等同于原文的短语“rather than”，再结合预判空缺部分应是形容词，所以答案只能是“large”或“sharp”，而选项中就有“sharp”这一原词，答案肯定就万无一失了。

接下来，我们结合雅思真题的内容，帮大家系统地梳理了否定关系的表达形式，具体如下：

，就是传统意义上的否定语法标记词：not，一般放在be动词、助动词、情态动词的后面，如：They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy(C7 P65)。

第二，有一些常见的否定前缀和后缀，如：un-、im-、in-、dis-、mis-、ab-、non-、-less、-free、-proof等，如： So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century(C3 P43)。

第三，本身没有否定标记但表示否定意义的副词，如：seldom、rarely、never、hardly、scarcely等，如：... with about 40 million cells per cubic metre that technology has never succeeded in replicating(C12 P16)。

第四，典型的否定形容词few与little及相对应的比较级和最形式，如：... and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful(C7 P90)。

第五，介词类否定词，如：without、except、against、off、beyond、above等，如：... a large pane of toughed glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame(C5 P89)。

第六，词组类否定词，如：instead of、rather than、out of、out of the question、other than、far from、neither... nor、too... to等，如：...instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many?...(C6 P48)。

第七，动词类否定词，如：lack、reduce、limit、fail、shorten、overstate、prevent、refuse、refute、eliminate、diminish等，如：Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues(C7 P66)。

第八，名词类否定词，如absence、denial、shortage、lack、ignorance、failure、loss等，如：Too much dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover.(C10 P46)。

这些否定表达，各位武汉新航道“烤鸭”平时一定要多多积累，通过做题不断总结记忆，且多训练不同表达之间的替换识别，加快反应速度，这样考试的时候就能更加一针见血地识别出正确答案，避免不必要的失分。

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