对于非数据类图表小作文的考核，地图题的考频一般会比流程图要高，且绝大多数地图题都属于“动态变迁类”的题；而“直接取代”类表述，又是“动态变迁类”地图中80-100%会有的考点。所以希望考生们能够引起重视。

说起“直接取代”，学生在表述过程中，通常会使用到 ‘be replaced by/be substituted by/take the place of’ 来表述。replace这个词在柯林斯词典中的解释是这样的：

‘If one thing or person replaces another, the first is used or acts instead of the second.’

也就是说，原有事物A被弃用掉了，在雅思地图题中会体现为原有事物不见了，没有了，消失了。一个全新的事物B替代了它，并被投入到使用中。

很多学生在表述中多半选用的是直译的方法。这个当然是没问题的，也确实是可以使用A be replaced/substituted by B之类的表述，考官在范文中也用到了，比如：

The bandstand (stage for musicians) has also been replaced, by an amphitheatre for concerts and associated seating.

--- from C14T4, p. 134

可是，咱们只能选择直译“取代”之意，使用以上这些表述麽，当然不是！只要理解了“直接替代”的真正含义，我们就可以写出“花式取代”：

· 原来的事物没有了，在原有事物所处的位置上，增添了新事物；

· 新事物位于原有事物所处的位置上（静态表述）；

· 新事物被建在了原有事物所处的位置上（动态表述）。

通过这些理解，我们其实本质上可以结合“拆除”和“新建”这两类表述去描写“取代”。在这里，我以剑桥真题第14册94页的一道题为例，来尝试通过不同的句式表述“原有的Pond for water plants被现在的Children’s play area所取代”这一特征：

定义一  原来的事物没有了，在原有事物所处的位置上，增添了新事物。

① 该句式and后半部分使用了方位介词位于句首的方式

      A has gone₁ and in its place₂ is B.

        1: has been removed / has been demolished / has been knocked down / has been torn down

        2: location / site / area

最后我们可以对该特征做如下表述：

- The pond for water plants has gone and in its place is a children’s play area.

定义二  新事物位于原有事物所处的位置上

① 这里我们可以主要用到there be句型来表述事物静止存在的状态：

      There is now B₃ at the original₄ place of A.

        3: Now B lies; B is now sited / located / situated

        4: previous / former

      A newly-built B occupies₅ the original place of A.  

        5: take up

② 在此基础上，可以引入现在分词做伴随状语的概念：

      There is now B, occupying the original place of A.

③ 还可以使用where引导的定语从句对先行词place做修饰：

      There is now B at the place where A stood₆.

        6: A lay (* 原形是lie喔~) / A was once sited / A was once located / A was once situated

④ 进而可以结合“现在分词做伴随状语”和“定语从句”这两个语法点：

      There is now B, occupying the place where A stood.

⑤ 或者可以用到where引导地点状语从句的方式：

      There is now B where A stood.（不常用）

⑥ 不过更常用的语序如下：

      Where A stood, there is now B.（常用）

最后我们可以对该特征做如下表述：

- There is now a children’s play area at the original place of the pond for water plants.

- A newly-built children’s play area occupies the original place of the pond for water plants.

- There is now a children’s play area, occupying the original place of the pond for water plants.

- There is now a children’s play area at the place where the pond for water plants stood.

- There is now a children’s play area, occupying the place where the pond for water plants stood.

- Where the pond for water plants stood, there is now a children’s play area.

定义三  新事物被建在了原有事物所处的位置上

我们其实还可以从新事物被修建的动态角度去表述，同样可以运用到上述的“现在分词做伴随状语”、“定语从句”和“地点状语从句”等语法点。

① B has been built₇ at the original place of A.

        7: has been constructed / has been added

② B has been built, occupying the original place of A.

③ B has been built at the place where A stood.

④ B has been built, occupying the place where A stood.

⑤ B has been built where A stood.（不常用）

⑥ Where A stood, B has been built.（常用）

最后我们可以对该特征做如下表述：

- A children’s play area has been built at the original place of the pond for water plants.

- A children’s play area has been built, occupying the original place of the pond for water plants.

- A children’s play area has been built at the place where the pond for water plants stood.

- A children’s play area has been built, occupying the place where the pond for water plants stood.

- Where the pond for water plants stood, a children’s play area has been built.

最后，在剑14这道动态变迁地图题中，另外还有几个关于“直接取代”的特征，亲爱的读者在掌握了以上这些技巧后，可以思考如何表述这一特征啦。

备注 ：

· A指代原有事物（旧事物），B指代新事物；

· 标红的地方代表可以替换为其它同类表述；

· 框出来的地方是语法点。

参考资料：

剑桥真题14