开篇笔者想请大家回答一个问题：在学英语的时候遇到的最困难的事情是什么呢？让我来猜一猜，是不是记单词？笔者在多年英语教学过程中观察发现，学生们最想要逃避的就是记单词。每次听写前都要临时抱佛脚，运用他们较好的短期记忆力快速记住单词的拼写，避免在听写的过程中“丢人”。但作为一名英语教学者，从不会觉得坐在面前写不出单词的学生不努力，而是会思考是否这个学生记单词的方法需要改进？又或者生词是不是太多了？因此笔者想从基础的点出发，详细讲解词汇的基本变化：名词是如何转变成形容词的，意在使学生掌握最基本的词汇变化规律，从而在积累词汇的时候更高效，更轻松。此外，请大家一定结合context（背景）加深自己对单词的理解，故笔者提供了大量例子供英语学习者理解。
1.名词+-y构成形容词
在名词后加y构成形容词的方式是非常普遍的。当它与名词相结合时，可表示full of… (多…的），having…（有…的），containing …(含…的），大多数加在单音节名词之后[1]。
Skillful Listening & Speaking Foundation留预一级课本中Unit 5中vocabulary skill（词汇技能）提到这一知识点，请大家注意观察变化的规律[2]：
以Textures and Flavors为例：
以下是截取自Skillful Listening & Speaking Foundation留预一级课本Unit 5中对最喜欢的食物的两段描述：
1：“My favorite street snack here in Brazil is cheese bread. They are little balls of bread, and we eat them as a snack, but also for breakfast. They’re very soft and chewy, and also a little bit sour. They taste like cheese, of course! We buy them on the street, but these days we also make them at home. They’re very easy to make.” [2]
2：“The Gatsby is a popular street sandwich here in South Africa. No two are the same, but it’s basically crispy French bread with meat or fish, plus cheese and salad. What makes a Gatsby different from other sandwiches are the French fries inside it. We put hot sauce on it to make it spicy. Without that it could be bland.” [2]
除了描述味道和口感的词汇符合这一构词规则，还有英国人每天都要讨论的天气，也是使用的这一变化规则：
Weather
让我们来看一段英国的天气预报（截取自Englishpod ：Weather Forecast）
“A: What’s the weather looking like today, Kenny?
B: Well, it’s a bit of a mixed bag in Utah today; we’ve
got heavy cloud cover here in Northern Utah, and
we’re calling for scattered showers throughout the
day, with a day-time high of forty-five degrees. Now,
if we move down to the south of the state, we can
see that a cold front is moving in. We can expect
clear skies, but it will be quite cold, with
temperatures hovering around the thirty degree
mark.
A: It’s a chilly day folks, so don’t forget your coats!
What about tomorrow Kenny? Do you have good
news for us?
B: Well, it’ll be a rainy day for Northern Utah; we can
expect some isolated downpours in the morning.
Winds will be coming in from the North East, with
gusts reaching twenty-three miles per hour.” [3]
2.名词+-ly (having this quality) 构成形容词：
大家都知道-ly可以加在几乎一切形容词后面，使其变成副词。此外，它的第二个用途就是加在名词后面充当形容词后缀，其含义为“having qualities of”（具备…特性的）。加在时间名词之后，表示“每…地”、“每…时间一次的”；这类词有的可兼作名词，表示报刊[1]，比如weekly，monthly，quarterly等。
具体词汇和例子如下：
使用这类词汇的时候，要注意不能被-ly后缀给糊弄了，把它当作副词来使用哦。
常见错误：He treated me very friendly.
正确表达：He treated me in a friendly way.或 He was very friendly to me.
此外，“lovely”也是一个频繁出现在英国人口语表达中的例子，它不仅有“可爱的”含义，也有“开心的”，“令人满意的”，“很不错”的意思，类似中文中的“好呀”，“不错”，“好极了”。
例子：
对话1(截取自Englishpod-Daily Life-I’m sorry, I love you- C0028):
“B: Thank you for such a lovely evening! The food was amazing, and I had a great time.
A: Me too. You look so beautiful tonight! I wish this night would never end. There’s something I have to tell you...” [3]
对话2(截取自Englishpod-Global View-All about wines- C0346)：
“Customer: Let’s see. The label says it’s got” attractive citrus and grassy aromas that give way to crisp, mineral flavors and a bone-dry finish. Serve chilled.” Oh, no, how long will it take to chill the wine? I’m on my way to the dinner now.
Salesperson: It’s OK, don’t worry, we’ll just choose a wine from the cooler. We don’t have quite as extensive a selection over here, but...this Rhone Valley white would be lovely.”[3]
对话3(截取自Englishpod-Daily Life-New guy in town- C0050)
“A: Please make yourselves at home. Let me take your coats. Dinner is almost ready; I hope you brought your appetite
B: Your house is lovely, Armand! Very interesting decor...very...Gothic.”[3]
对话4：
A: See you tomorrow.
B: Lovely, see you then.
参考文献：
[1] 蒋争.英语词汇的奥秘-英语单词学习手册[M].北京：中国国际广播出版社，1986.
[2] David Bohlke,Dorothy E.Zemach.Skillful Listening & Speaking Foundation[M].London: Macmillan Education,2013.
[3] Englishpod[OL].Praxis Language
