作者:雅思口语组 尤梦怡
城市一直一来是雅思口语考试非常高频的话题,几乎每一季度都会有city话题,Part1中的hometown/city, Part2中地点类话题出现过的Describe a city you have been to and want to visit again; 或者是事件题的trip/travel话题,其实都和city话题一脉相承。而今天主要想和大家探讨city在雅思口语Part3部分常见出题方向和对应的答题思路。
城市,其实是一个非常宽泛的概念,所以了解城市包含哪些方面对于我们答题思路拓展上非常有必要。
“It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, and communication.”
Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City
从以上对于城市的定义,我们可以知道城市包括居住在里面的居民(大多从事非农业生产),住房,复杂的交通,相对完善的卫生或者医疗条件,基础设施以及通讯设施等等。所以,我们只需要掌握构成城市各个不同部分的特征之后,关于城市的任何提问都能轻松搞定啦。
1. 城市人口特征
- 人口数量大(large population/ densely-populated);
- 人口来源复杂(from diverse cultural backgrounds),异质性(Heterogeneity),五湖四海的人都有;
- 相对来说整体受教育水平较高(well-educated/relatively high literacy rate);
- 人口流动性大(high mobility);
- 人与人社交距离较大(social distance),一是由于生活节奏快,而是由于科技产品的出现,人们对于线下社交的需求降低;
结合本季度Part 2 Describe a polite person相关的Part3问题,Do you think people who live is cities are more polite than those who live in countryside?
考虑上面总结的城市人口特征, 本题解答思路就很容易找到了。首先,城市居民相对来说受教育程度较高,不论是学校教育还是家庭教育,人们可能从小就会接受到关于礼仪的知识,而且城市相对来说针对不礼貌行为的规则较多,侧面也敦促人们要礼貌;而且,城市人们因为自身文化背景复杂,对于来自其他不同文化背景的人容忍度会更高。
Well, I suppose generally yes. To start with, city dwellers are mostly better-educated whether in school or in family, where they are taught courtesy is the key to deal with relationships. Plus, they probably need to pay a price for not showing politeness, say breaking rules in public places. Also, city residents tend to be more tolerant to those who don’t share similar tradition or customs, which made people in cities seem more polite.
看完这道题,之前考过的do you think people in cities are more friendly than those in countryside 是不是就迎刃而解了。
2. 城市住房特征
- 整体高楼多(high-rise building/ skyscraper),基于城市的土地资源有限(scarce land resource),人口基础大,只能建高楼来accommodate such large population;
- 公寓式房型居多(flat/apartment)
- 混凝土(concrete)结构为主
结合话题 Part2 describe a public building you visited中Part3 问题 What are the difference between buildings in cities or in the countryside?
根据前面总结和特征,可以马上得出答案:
If we take a walk around cities, we may find ourselves in a concrete jungle where there are many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings for cities are normally densely-populated, so constructing taller buildings can alleviate housing problem. However, things are quite different in countryside where villagers live their life in bungalows or low-rise buildings.
3. 城市环境特征;
- 自然环境
a. 植被覆盖率普遍偏低(low vegetation rate);
b. 由于高度工业化(industrialized),污染严重(severely polluted);
- 经济环境
a. 各行业发展比较完善(developed industries), 能够吸引投资(attract investment),提供工作机会多(abundant job opportunities);
b. 生活节奏快(fast-paced life),人们通常是忙于生计(busy making a living);
- 教育环境
a. 先进的教育资源(advanced education resources),大多数重点学校(elite school),不论是高等教育(tertiary education),还是基础教育(primary and secondary education),主要集中在城市;
- 居住环境
a. 基础设施(infrastructure)相对完善, 包括四通八达的交通网(well-connected transportation networks),人们出行便利;且因为交通便利,城市居民可以优先享有来自不同地方的产品和货物;
b. 公共设施较多,包括公园,博物馆,图书馆,广场,医院等等,且一般都设计有无障碍设施(barrier-free facilities),适合行动不便者出行(people with disability & the old)
结合Part2 话题Describe a home you visited but didn’t want to live 中的Part3,Why people nowadays don’t visit their neighbors that often?
虽然题干并没有给出city的限定,但是我们可以采用前面总结的城市相关特征来解答此题,确定可用特征:
- 如今人口流动性大,可能邻居之间彼此相处的时间并不太长;
- 现在生活节奏快,人们无暇顾及其他;
- 现在科技发展,尤其是通讯工具的发展,人们的真实社交需求(real interaction)降低;
由此我们可以得出答案:
Well, I think the first factor to be blamed is that nowadays, people travel or migrate at an incredibly high frequency than in any periods in the past, so it’s quite common that neighbors won’t have too much time to get along with each other. Other than that, today’s fast-paced life doesn’t allow us to stop by and sit for a while to catch up due to tight study or work schedule. Additionally, high reliance on communication tools, to some degree, has discouraged us to interact with others in real life.
以上仅仅只是从人口,住房,环境三个角度总结了城市的特征,希望各位烤鸭能够好好做笔记,下次碰到city相关part3 问题时候,能够把答案信手拈来。