作者:邓姝丹 新航道武汉学校雅思写作讲师,英语翻译硕士学位,专业基础扎实,持英语专业八级证书()、高中英语教师资格证和上海市口译证书。曾在担任大学英语课程工作认真责任。
雅思大作文的框架结构通常分为三种:单边结构(仅可用于同不同意型)、双边讨论双边支持结构(一般不用于权衡利弊型)、双边讨论单边支持结构。单边结构会显得看待问题不够全面,而且往往难以在有限的时间里快速想到充足的论点,所以一般都会推荐写双边讨论的结构。双边讨论单边支持结构需要反驳不倾向的那一方,如何反驳往往是很多同学的痛点,所以只要两个讨论对象可以共存,一般都会推荐写双边讨论双边支持结构:主体段一阐述讨论对象A的好处,主体段二阐述讨论对象B的好处,结尾段表明两者都好。这样的写法是可以在Task Response这一项达到6分档的,如果想冲7分档,个人观点还需要进一步细化,下面我们就以城市规划类为例,看看如何细化双边支持结构中的个人观点。
城市规划类是社会生活类下面一个考频较高且稳定的子话题,每年都会考2-4次,主要是讨论两个举措的相对重要性,目前考到的举措包括:
① 新建(住房、树木、公路铁路、公园广场、购物中心): build (building), construct (construction), establish (establishment);
② 拆除(旧建筑):knock down (knocking down), remove (removal), demolish (demolition);
③ 迁址(企业工厂):move (moving), transfer (transfer), relocate (relocation);
④ 保护(老建筑):protect (protection), preserve (preservation), maintain (maintenance)。
在确定个人观点之前,我们首先要清楚提出这些举措的背景,即城市目前遇到的问题:环境污染、住房短缺房价贵、交通拥堵和不健康的生活方式,提出这些举措就是为了相应地解决上述城市问题,从而实现城市规划的目的:为居民提供更好的生活。我们一般会把生活分为物质生活和精神生活,其中物质生活除了关系到吃穿住行的生活条件(living conditions),还包括我们生活的自然环境(natural environment),精神生活则主要包括各种娱乐活动(recreational activities/entertainment),这三者默认的优先性如下:living conditions > natural environment > recreational activities。在讨论两个举措的相对重要性,要想充分回应题目,除了写两者都重要外,我们还需要根据优先性排序,细化举措A和举措B分别在什么情况下更重要,细化原则如下。
原则一:如果举措A能解决的问题1的优先性高于举措B能解决的问题2的优先性,那么,实现举措A在存在问题1的城市更重要,实现举措B在不存在问题1的城市更重要。
以2015年3月12日的考题为例:Some people think that planting trees in the open spaces in towns and cities is more important than building more houses in these areas. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 根据双边讨论结构可以快速确定两个主体段将分别阐述种树和建房的好处,树一方面可以进化光合作用(conduct photosynthesis),改善空气质量(improve air quality),另一方面可以点缀城市(decorate the city),美化城市形象(create a eye-catching image),这两者都对应着natural environment的改善;建房可以提供充足的住房(provide sufficient supply of housing),满足人们的住房需求(meet basic demand for housing),改善住房条件,这对应着living conditions的改善。根据优先性排序living conditions > natural environment以及原则一,我们可以把双边支持的观点细化如下:在存在住房短缺,即人口多土地少的城市,建房更重要,而在不存在住房问题且有较多空地的城市,种树则更重要。(Building houses should be a top priority in those places which have a large population but limited land resources while in cities with sufficient housing supply and large open spaces, planting trees would be a better choice.)
原则二:如果如果举措A能解决的问题1的优先性等于举措B能解决的问题2的优先性,那么,根据两个举措的适用条件分情况讨论。
以2019年1月12日及2016年4月16日的考题为例: When new towns are planned, it is important to build more public parks or sports facilities than shopping centers for people to spend their free time. To what extent do you agree or disagree?根据双边结构的分析方法,可快速确定两个主体段应分别陈述建公园和体育设施以及建购物中心的好处。公园和体育设施可以供人们运动和锻炼身体,可以养成健康的生活方式(a healthy lifestyle),而购物中心可以供人们吃喝玩乐,丰富人们的娱乐方式,增强幸福感(levels of happiness)。两者都可以供人们休闲娱乐(recreational activities),优先性相同,要确定两者的相对重要性需要找出两者的差异:公园和小区的健身设备一般都是可以免费使用的,而在商场购物吃饭看电影则是需要花钱的,所以不难将双边支持的观点细化如下:对于整体经济发展较好,居民消费能力较强的城镇,更适合多建购物中心,而在那些欠发达的城镇,适合多建公园和体育设施。(It is advisable to construct more shopping malls in highly-developed towns whose residents tend to have high spending power while in those under-developed towns where free entertainment gains more popularity, establishing more public parks and sports equipment would be a better choice.)
以上就是城市规划类话题在写双边支持结构时将观点细化的方法,请大家结合例题分析将两个原则融会贯通,并完成下面两道题的观点细化,参考答案附后。
练习一:20170216 & 20141206真题
Some people believe that the best city is a “vertical” city where people work and study in tall buildings. Some people believe a “horizontal” city is a better city where there are fewer tall buildings. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
练习二:20180203 真题
The restoration of old building in major cities in the world costs enormous government expenditure. This money should be used in new housing and road development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
参考答案:
练习一:There is no doubt that constructing high-rise buildings is a cure for cities struggling with a large population and limited land resources while horizontal layout would make those less populous cities with no housing shortage more livable.
练习二:In populous mega-cities struggling with housing shortage and traffic congestion, money should be better spent on the construction of housing and roads while for those tourist cities featured by historical sites, it is worthwhile to protect and maintain the old constructions.
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